Fame in Cinema and Television Essay

The â€Å"star phenomenon† began in theatrical advertising of certain actors’ names in the 1820s. It was not immediately transferred to Hollywood, nor to the many other film industries developing in parallel across the glove. Hollywood studios at first, from about 1909 to 1914, ignored â€Å"stars† – actors in whose offscreen lifestyle and personalities audiences demonstrated a particular interest. This was partly because of the costs involved in â€Å"manufacturing stardom† on a scale which the studies could translate into measureable box-office revenue, and for fear of the power which stars might then wield. Stars need all kinds of resources lavished on their construction such as privileged access to screen and narrative space, to lighting, to the care of costumers, make-up workers, voice coaches, personal trainers, etc. , as well as to audience interest through previews, supply of publicity materials, etc. Skillful casting is also important, though rarely discussed in work on stars, perhaps because it is seen to detract from the star’s own intentions in a performance. Key career decisions involve a star’s choice of casting agency or the choices made by a particular film’s casting director. Once established, the star system worked lucratively for the studios. Stars were used as part of the studio’s â€Å"branding† or promise of certain kinds of narrative and production values. They were useful in â€Å"differentiating† studios’ films. Stars were literally part of the studio’s capital, like plant and equipment, and could be traded as such. James Stewart, making an interesting comparison with sports celebrities, said once â€Å"Your studio could trade you around like ball player like when I was traded once to Universal for the use of their back lot for three weeks. † Stars’ large salaries, said to be due to nebulous qualities such as â€Å"talent† or â€Å"charisma†, worked to negate the powers of acting unions, who might otherwise have been able to calculate acting labor and ask for more equal distribution of profits (Branston and Stafford 2003). And stars have always functioned as a key part of Hollywood’s relationship to broader capitalist structures. In the 1930s, for example, over-production of manufactured goods had reached crisis point in North America, and the large banks funding Hollywood sought its help in shifting goods from warehouses to consumers. In addition to this, the celebrity is part of the public sphere, essentially an actor or, to use Robert Altman’s 1992 film characterization of Hollywood denizens, a â€Å"player. † In the contemporary public sphere, divisions exist between different types of players: politicians are made to seem distinctly different from entertainment figures; businesspeople are distinguished from sports stars. And yet in the mediated representation of this panoply of players, they begin to blend together. Film stars like Arnold Schwarzenegger share the stage with politicians like George Bush; Gorbachev appears in a film by Wenders; Michael Jackson hangs out on the White House lawn with Ronald Reagan; Nelson Mandela fills an entire issue of Vogue. The celebrity is a category that identifies these slippages in identification and differentiation. Leadership, a concept that is often used to provide a definitional distance from vulgarity of celebrity status, provides the last discursive location for understanding the public individual. The argument I want to advance here is that in contemporary culture, there is a convergence in the source of power between the political leader and other forms of celebrity. Both are forms of subjectivity that are sanctioned by the culture and enter the symbolic realm of providing meaning and significance for the culture. The categorical distinction of forms of power is dissolving in favor of a unified system of celebrity status, in which the sanctioning of power is based on similar emotive and irrational, yet culturally deeply embedded, sentiments (Marshall 1997). Of course, depending on the type of media where actors and actresses appear, their power and charisma varies. In addition to this, depending on the type of media used, individual’s star quality or qualities of being a celebrity varies. On television, an individual can become a star without ceasing to be his or her anonymous self, because the medium celebrates innocuous, domestic normality. Once on the â€Å"The Tonight Show† Jack Paar maddened the studio audience by attentively quizzing one of its number and ignoring Cary Grant, who’d been planted in the adjoining seats. As well as a practical joke, this was a boast of television’s license to bestow celebrity on those it promiscuously or fortuitously favors. But the medium can just as easily rescind that celebrity. Obsolescence is built into the television star, as it is into the sets themselves: hence those mournful commercials for American Express in which the celebrities of yesteryear- the man who lent his croaky voice to Bugs Bunny or a candidate for the Vice-Presidency in 1964- laud the company’s card, which restores to them an identity and a televisibility they’d forfeited. The game show contestants experience this brief tenure of television celebrity- Warhol’s fifteen minutes- at its most accelerated. But in order to quality for it, they have to surrender themselves to the medium. Their only way of winning games is to abase themselves, feigning hysteria on â€Å"The Price is Right,† exchanging sordid confidences on â€Å"The Newlywed Game,† incompetently acting out inane charades on Bruce Forsyth’s â€Å"Generation Game. † The cruelest of the games is â€Å"The Gong Show,† where one’s span of celebrity may not even extend to fifteen seconds. More or less, untalented contestants sing, dance, juggle or fiddle until the inevitable gong sends them back to nonentity. For some, the gong supervenes immediately. They’ve been warned this will happen, and coached to disappear with dignity, but are expected to go through with their act all the same and suffer their condemnation. Even a few seconds of television fame is worth the price of one’s self-esteem. The show pretends to be a talent quest, but is a smirking parody of that. The hosts on the game shows are, for similar reasons, parodies of geniality. A host soothes his guests and smoothes obstacles out of their way. But in homage to Groucho, the comperes subject their victims to a ritual humiliation, and their patter keeps the game-players throughout flinching and ill-at-ease (Conrad 1982). Television is good but may not be ideal for preserving important works. On the other hand, a good film can be shown anywhere in the world where there is an audience. Furthermore, the cinema will turn actors and actresses into stars. There are many well-known television actors and actresses, but they have no international fame like their big-screen counterparts. Films together with film magazines contribute directly to the formation of a star system and its attendant mythology. The stars perceived themselves to be, and were in turn also used as, icons for a modern lifestyle, especially fashion (Zhang 2005). They are given greater chances to achieve or receive international awards and become known not only in a particular state but to the whole world, unlike in the case of television stars. Those famous actors who appeared on television ten years ago have now vanished due either to lot or disintegrated videotape or a lack of interest by the contemporary audience. In Africa, there was a necessity to build more cinema theaters, instead of enforcing further use of television, because it was helping them to maintain a viable film industry. In Iran, they have more than 150 cinema houses. Their industry if progressing because they have a loyal audience who make it possible to recuperate money invested in production, which in turn is invested in the making of new films (Ukadike 2002). As a whole, it can be said that fame in cinema is more lasting than fame in television. In addition to this, the stars or celebrities appearing on cinemas rather than on televisions are the ones who are more favored by producers and stockholders. Moreover, they are preferred than the television stars to be used in magazines, especially if it is an international magazine. As such, the lifestyle of actors and actresses in cinemas are greater than those who only appear in television shows. The cinema industry as well as its actors and actresses are greatly favored and nowadays, more specifically preferred by a good number of the countries. Bibliography BRANSTON, GILL and STAFFORD, ROY, The Media Student’s Book (USA: Routledge, 2003). CONRAD, PETER, Television (USA: Routledge, 1983). MARSHALL, P. DAVID, Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture (Minneapolis: Regents of the University of Minnesota, 1997). UKADIKE, NWACHUKWU FRANK, Questioning African Cinema (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002). ZHANG, ZHEN, An Amorous History of the Silver Screen (London: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

Race and Racism

Sierra Druyon February 23, 2013 Prepared for Dr. Dugan ENG 101 Paper 1 Argumentative Synthesis on Race and Racism In comparison to the almighty universe in which people all live in, human beings are merely a speck of dust at the size of it all. Then here are these beings on planet earth, with all 7 billion people under the same moon, divided. No longer are human equals as beings, but separate because of the system of ignorance, exploitation, and power used to oppress people on the basis of ethnicity, culture, mannerisms, and culture (Marable 1).Racism is the issue Americans have swept under the rug; the problem is being ignored, leaving cultures in the dark of their own history causing blame to be shifted on to all sorts of hosts, and it’s time to pick up the rug to dust. Society as a whole seems to have broken down what makes a person unique, dehumanizing them and leaving them susceptible to oppression (Marable 2). One must not be so quick to forget that every single human be ing is made up of the same genetic material, to forget something so broad is to undermine the gift of thinking itself.Manning Marable writes in Racism and Sexism that stereotypes are at the heart of every form of racism today. Racism is not a topic that sits around at the front of everybody’s brain. Racism does not twist on the tip of your tongue begging to be talked about. Racism is something that is ignored and denied. Shocking statistics from Tim Wise’s On White Privilege were discussed, stating that in 1962, 80% of white folk believed that racism was not even a problem.In the same year, 90% of white folk believed that colored children had equal education opportunities as white children. To believe that racism was not even a problem would be to say that over the 750 race riots 228 people were not actually killed, 12,741 people were not critically injured, and that the 15,000 acts of arson did not leave black urban neighborhoods in ruins, in the same year of 1962 (Po strel). White people are completely unburdened by race; where as colored eople constantly feel their capabilities are always being second guessed. However, Charles M. Blow, author of Escaping Slavery, explains to the reader that apparently white people think their actions are justified! And Blow goes as far as to say that â€Å"the idea that progress toward radical harmony would or should be steady and continuous is fraying† (Blow 1). In On White Privilege, the speaker Tim Wise pointed out that white people were asked in 2009 if they believed that racial discrimination is still a problem and only 6% said ‘yes. To put that into perspective: more people would believe that Elvis is still alive than to believe that racial discrimination is still a problem (Wise). Perhaps the density of the universe compromised the carrying capacity of the human brain causing a malfunction making it so the only thing people can think about is them self. Definitely not progress (Blow 2). The white system of ignorance and exploitations is causing the cultures of color to completely lose track of their own histories (Marable).People who are oppressed themselves begin to lose touch with their own traditions of history, community, love, celebrations, struggle, and change (Marable). Tim Wise reminds viewers whose history we are truly learning in school- text books are filled only with white history; people of color are forced to regurgitate white history, white literature, white art, white theater, etc. , while if a white person does not know an ounce of black history, it can go virtually unnoticed in this country (Wise).Actions speak louder than words and people seem to continue to prove their ignorance. As part of the Civil Rights Movement and an effort to create a solution to unlawful discrimination in housing based on race, color, sex, nation origin, or religion, the Fair Housing Act was passed in 1968 (Russell). Fast forward 38 years later where 2006 showed the highest level of discriminating housing complaints based on race (Wise). 38 whole years later and the only thing society can show on terms of progress is the lack of acceptance being distributed around the country.There is not enough change taking place as a country in order to move forward into truly being the United States of America; home of the Brave but we still fear what we do not know. It is always easier to accuse other forces for a problem than to admit that you are actually making the mess yourself. It has been said that if one is not a part of the solution then one is a part of the problem; however, some people are purely unburdened by race, they don’t know racism because they have never had to experience it- people are completely surrounded by and completely oblivious of the problem.Failure to talk about racism feeds the denial (Wise). The finger can be pointed in any direction, and instead of calling it â€Å"blame† the word â€Å"cause† is used instead bec ause that is more constructive, and let’s face it, we need as much progress as we can get. However, progress seems to be unbearably intangible when Blow points out that the pillars of the institution- the fundamental devaluation of dark skin and stained justifications are for the unconscionable- have proved surprisingly resilient (Blow). The ignorance and lack of education only feeds the pillars’ strength.Completely blinded by utter fear, America seems to be in a standstill of progress towards the issue on racism. Starting with Charles Blow’s work in Escaping Slavery, down to Manning Marable’s Racism and Sexism, and what Tim Wise said in On White Privilege, it can be assumed that progress will always need to be made to bring this country closer to unity. Breaking down racial barriers and stereotypes have proven to be an especially lengthy process, however that does not justify the slothfulness of it all. Open minds and hearts is what it is going to take t o shatter the structure that leaves this country divided.Word Count: 1,100 Works Cited Blow, Charles. â€Å"Escaping Slavery. † New York Times 4 January 2013. Marable, Manning. â€Å"Racism and Sexism. † Race, Class, and Gender in the United States, 5th ed. Ed. Paul Rothenberg. New York: Worth Publishers, 2001. 124-129. Pring. Wise, Tim. On White Privilege: Racism, White Denial, and the Costs of Inequality. The Media Education Foundation, 2008. DVD. Postrel, Virginia. â€Å"The Consequences of the 1960's Race Riots Come Into View. †Ã‚  The New York Times. N. p. , 30 Dec. 2004. Web. 18 Feb. 2013.

Final Paper Reilgion Freud And Lewis

On the other hand Freud – the founder of psychoanalysis and an atheist could only produce the kind of love that was reciprocal. I believe that they were tied to their views on religion by their understanding of what love was to them. Lewis once believed or at least had to some degree thought like Freud. As I relate â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† I couldn't help but think about â€Å"The watch out† Attitude: Religion Is Dangerous stated â€Å"Religion Is both psychologically and sociologically dangerous. Freud and Lexis's perspectives on love differ because Lewis focuses on God while Freud focuses on self. One on hand. Lexis's explains that Gods love in man enables him to love unconditionally. For an example, Lewis believed the divine gift love in a man enables him to love what is not durably lovable – lepers, criminals, enemies and morons. On the other hand, Freud believes on the gratification of self because a man's beliefs and behavior stem from his own ch ildhood fears and desires.Moreover, Freud and Lewis perspectives on love are tied together because they focus on the affection for family, friends and sexual love; however, Lewis added a fourth category – love of God. Lexis's response to Fraud's critique on religion is that love does not have an ulterior motive. In my opinion, the viewpoints within â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† are self- centered rather than leafless because there has to more than Fraud's type of love; therefore, most circumstances do not revolve around oneself.Because God Is love. Lexis's perspective on love is more convincing than Fraud's for the reason that Lewis acknowledged that to believe in God and to pray, were the beginning of his extroversion. The light came on, He had been taken out of himself. BY BFY5050 degree thought like Freud. As I relate â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† I couldn't help but think about â€Å"The Watch Out† Attitude: Religion Is Dangerous stated â€Å"Religion is both differ because Lewis focuses on God while Freud focuses on self. One on hand,

Lifestyle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lifestyle - Assignment Example Reaching an optimal level health is not a child’s play. It requires lots of hard work, determination, focus and enthusiasm to be called literally smart. Sound mind in a sound body can be referred to as optimal health. So it’s not ONLY about the body rather a pure nourishment of soul and mind is also primarily important. Proper nutrition is first and foremost in obtaining optimal health. Balanced amount of vitamins, proteins, iron, calcium and other elements play vital role in shaping a sound body. The use of oil and calories rich food should minimum while increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, juices and cereals. Exercise is the next area that requires attention. We have become extremely rigid and stagnant with our life styles. So getting yourself busy in any physical activity is healthy. Remember that, mechanism is important. Proper sleep and rest is important too. In addition with exercises everybody needs rest to function properly. Make sure you get at least six to seven hours of sleep daily. If you are following the above mentioned practices then you can surely work with you mental and spiritual balance. Again I repeat, it’s not only about your body. Focus yourself in meditative prayers. Keep in touch with you strengths and also spare time for the nature. Keep in mind your short term and long term

Independent contracting DB1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Independent contracting DB1 - Essay Example In my case, I am the manager and also I have been given people to worker under me meaning that I will not be controlled by the company managers. The court also looks on finance, whether the company provides tools, pays for taxes and insurance for workers. An independent contractor does not benefit from pension, insurance and also he/she pays taxes. In my case, I will be responsible for paying my taxes, insurance and no pension plan. The court also looks in a relationship between the worker and the company. This includes whether the company compensates the worker for damages and the terms of the contract whether the contract is short or permanent (Bohlander and Snell, 2012). I am not an agent of the Gregs Goofy Gadgets because I will be working for the company together with the company workers, and an agent acts on behave of the company. An agent is not given title and in this case I will be a manager of the two employees. An agent also gets profit for the worker done but in this case I will only be earning $14.00 per hour (Bohlander and Snell, 2012). Based on the scenario’s facts I am a contractor and not an employee. Even in respect to courts definition, I can be classified as an independent contractor of the

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

English - Essay Example The current political system discourages all people from participating, especially Arab Americans. The system has become unsustainable and there is need to reform American foreign policy. There is need to develop a foreign policy that seeks to establish peace rather than perpetuate war, especially in the Arab world. Practically, all Americans are included in the American Dream. Exclusion from the dream is a voluntary process where the discontented, particularly some minority groups, can excuse themselves from the Dream. American expects a lot from individual people who pursue the American Dream. In their hard work to succeed, individuals usually contribute to the success of the nation through their contribution to the overall economic welfare of the nation. American art exposes a melancholy tension in the Dream. The work culture that was once characteristic of America is waning as the country strives for new innovations aimed at propelling it a step further as the world’s greatest nation. The features of the American Dream that emphasize wealth, fame and power affect the polity and global image of America by casting an image of a greedy country, that focuses more on its interest and would do all to achieve what benefits it at the expense of other

In What Ways Has Technology Impacted the Way We Train Employees Research Paper

In What Ways Has Technology Impacted the Way We Train Employees - Research Paper Example Training is an integral part of human resources. Recently the human resource industry has adapted to a lot of changes due to the developments in technology. Nowadays human resource managers have to be prepared for organizational transformation and adaptations. Hence the HR function must be capable of guaranteeing the employability of collaborators without compromising the flexibility of the organization. This is due to the fact that people form a part of the organization due to their talents and abilities and not because to their past knowledge. At a certain point of time, when the managers feel that a particular employee is redundant to the organization then they have to leave them in a situation where in an employee can easily incorporate into another work profile or a new job. Human resource management policies must be designed to emphasise more on accepting change and the changing attitudes. In a way these policies are designed to make employees responsible for their own achievem ents. A technical system needs to be developed which helps to facilitate the employees to solve most problems related to their job themselves and without the intervention of higher hierarchical levels. In the human resource field, this idea needs to be incorporated as technology can make it possible for employees to manage their own database, update and access it directly, get online training, performance assessment, transfer or any other miscellaneous official matters which affects the employee. This idea is known as employee self – service. In order to facilitate the successful implementation of this idea, certain technological development needs to be made. Chief among this is the existence of intranet. This is a tool which facilitates collaboration and communication in the organization. It helps to streamline processes and provide updated information to the staff with updated information. This is a useful tool as it makes possible to reach employees working in the same fir m but whose work place may be located across the globe. Training modules can be updated on the intranet and the human resource can update and impart online training to overseas as well as domestic employees. (Gasco, Llopis & Gonzalez, 2004). Nowadays a lot of organizations are leveraging technology to create virtual teams which can work at the same time from difference places by using video conferencing, e – mails, teleconferencing and instant messages. The same tool has been incorporated by the human resource to provide virtual training to employees. A human resource leader may impart training to various employees located at different places at the same time by using any of the above mentioned tools. However an important challenge lies in using and identifying the proper technology suited to meet the purpose. Especially in case of online training it is recommended that one selects the right method to impart online training. This is especially because this kind of training do es not allow any scope for face – to – face interaction. Hence, the trainer must choose the proper medium of training which will facilitate the trainees to clear doubts online. Also the trainer should see that the technology selected for this purpose is user friendly. In other words, the trainees and the trainer should have expert knowledge on the kind of technology used for the training to

Twelfth night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Twelfth night - Essay Example Shakespeare, it appears used metatheatre in creating these highlighted elements as is evident in his popular play Romeo and Juliet. This study text will evaluate his play Twelfth Night and highlight several instances where metatheatre and artifice suffice in justifying the statement that most of his works were indeed metatheatrical. In the Twelfth Night, Viola, who is a lady, is disguised as a boy, Cesario. The point of metadrama in the play suffices when Cesario (Viola) is seen saying to Olivia, â€Å"I am not that I play† (Shakespeare n.p.). This was after Olivia had prepared the ground for the metatheatrical portrayal when she asks Cesario, â€Å"Are you a comedian?† Her utterance has multiple meanings which reveal the metatheatre. First, she is trying to say that in the play where she is playing the role of Cesario, she is not him. Concisely, she is not the young man that she is portrayed as, but is actually a lady, Viola. This revelation simply tells the audience that she is only disguised as Cesario, but in real life, she is not. In this, Viola has stepped out of the play and has come out to the audience. Second, and to the audience who understand that it is Viola, who is acting as Cesario, there is an increased connection with the play. In short, in being able to uncover the disguise, they are bound to enjoy the play more. Closely related to the revelation seen in Cesario’s â€Å"removal† of her disguise is the act of a girl-playing-boy. The mere fact that Cesario, who the audience once viewed as a lady has forced them to realize, or rather, remember that she is female. This is also a form of acknowledging that the play is just that; a play. Better put, the audience might have been deeply engrossed into the Twelfth Night that they forgot that it was all an illusion. The same happens with the actors; they might be so indulged into their acting that they

Should animals be used for research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Should animals be used for research - Essay Example There are many medical practitioners who argue that animal testing is based on a false premise since the results from animal experiments may not necessarily be significant to the effects on the human body; human beings, as certain a species, surely react differently to chemicals that are applied to these experimental animals. This makes it difficult for such experiments to be successful. Two of the most famous cases of this type of experiment are the ones involving Thalidomide and Clioquinol. Thalidomide came clean in the animal testing stage, involving thousands of animals, and it was deemed safe to be released to the public even to pregnant women and breastfeeding women. At least 10 000 children had been born with serious birth defects because their mothers had taken Thalidomide when they were pregnant, even if the animal testing proved it to be safe. Another drug is the Clioquinol, which was also tested on thousands of animals successfully but failed when it was used by humans. It was marketed as a drug against diarrhea and it worked well in animals. In humans, though, it actually caused diarrhea. As a result, more than 30 000 cases of paralysis, blindness and deaths occurred to those who took Clioquinol (Archibald). Another drug that was deemed safe for public use was Vioxx, which was used to treat arthritis. It was perfectly fine on the animal testing level, and was even proved to be beneficial for the heart but the results indicated otherwise in humans. It actually induced about 140 000 heart attacks and strokes in the US. Hormone replacement therapy is another thing, which was proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke in monkeys but increases the risk in humans. The Lancet reported that more than 20 000 British women acquired breast cancer as a result of taking HRT, in addition to cases of heart attacks and stroke. These are not

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager Essay

Effects of technology and innovation on Pret a manager - Essay Example Information technology plays an essential role in the unprecedented growth of retail restaurant industry. A retail restaurant industry is a segment of the business which comprises of individuals and organisation whose are mainly engaged with the selling of ready foods to the consumers. Pret a manger is one such organisation which belongs to this particular segment. The report will highlight on the areas such as the role of information technology in the retail restaurant industry as well as more specifically to the company pret a manger. Apart from this the project will also highlight on the different approaches of pret a manger in the context of sustainable development, use of IT and innovations. The report also proposes to highlight the benefits offered by information technology for different elements. Role of Information Technology in Restaurant industry In this sector the functions of Information technology and innovation is significant as it helps in the process of research and d evelopment, financial segment, product development, pricing, distribution and promotion. In other words information technology helps all the 4p’s of marketing mix. The industry plays an important role in the growth of the economy. It is one of the largest growing food types and intended for immediate consumption. The restaurant industry has some distinguishing factor within itself. The point of difference lies where some restaurants have their dedicated kitchens in their outlets while some other restaurants outlets get supply of the ready food from the factory. The industry includes members such as refreshment stands, fast food restaurants, full service restaurants, caterers and institutional food providers. Large fast food chain majorly contributes to the restaurant industry. In a recent study conducted, where it has been found that there were approximately 10 million retail restaurants available across the world. Among them most of the outlets were owned by individuals and single entities. But there are around 350 restaurants involved in chain business. The big names within this category are McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), Pizza hut, Dominos, Subway, Fingers and Del Taco, pret a manger among various other players. The noticeable foodstuffs includes pizzas, burgers, sandwiches, French fries, soups, chicken roasts, baguettes ice creams to the traditional Asian fast foods like noodles, fried rice and soups among the others. Franchise operation acts as the most vital component of this industry but some companies go for direct operation as well. The market shares of different companies are illustrated through a diagram:- Figure 1 (Source: pugetsoundoff, n.d.). Presently information technology is widely used in restaurant industry. The companies get hugely benefited through the proper execution of information system. The primary advantage of using information technology retail restaurant industry is that it gives a competitive advantage to the orga nization. The other advantage of using information technology in business lies in its capability to transmit data around the world within very less time. The industry is focusing more on IT to take advantage from it. The

Local Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 127

Local Economic Development - Essay Example Local economic professionals also have a role to play to ensure that the community groups that are formed do not only focus on poverty alleviation, but also on economic development. This includes making the community members pioneers of entrepreneur skills and job creation for other members. Economic professionals also have to provide assistance to local community groups in terms of access to technology and capital support and creating a link between private and public institutions of the community. The North Texas area will impact marketing as a place for establishing the new business. This is because a new environment is going to be created in this area, which means that customers in this area will have different wants and needs compared to customers from the other areas. As such, new businesses will be formed to satisfy the needs of customers in this environment. These include food, shelter, and clothing. Therefore, entrepreneurs and business people dealing with such items will fo cus on delivery of the items and ensure that the local people do not suffer from lack of such items. The response to this challenge will involve conducting a market analysis of this new area. This will entail determining the various needs of the people, conducting the feasibility study of the area, and establishing whether the area will provide sufficient market for new products and services. Results of this analysis will aid in making decisions as to whether to establish new businesses in the area or not to establish such businesses. Dallas is a city in North Texas, which uses good urban planning policies and regulations that enhance the attainment of sustainable economic development (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas 1).

Lecture Coherence Examples Essay Example for Free

Lecture Coherence Examples Essay Examples of paragraphs that shows coherence and unity: Example 1: This is a good example because it responds to the prompt in first person, the details are thoughtful and personal, and it follows the structure I’ve taught you very well. I slightly changed the topic sentence to make it connect better to the supporting sentence. I have also made some grammatical/vocab corrections so that you can focus on content and structure when you read. To get good grades in classes, I need to plan to do three things. First of all, listening carefully to the teacher in class makes me understand the lesson. If I listen carefully to what the teacher says, I can ask questions about things that I don’t understand. I can also do the right homework that the teacher assigned. Second, doing my homework every day makes me review the lesson from class. The homework helps me to practice many things from class. I can also find questions in the homework to ask the teacher that will make my English better. Third, making an effort to study gives me the will to learn. If I don’t make an effort, I will be lazy. The will to learn makes me try to finish the homework furst, and then I will let myself go out with my friends. Finally, I try to make a plan to get a good grade in class, and I will abide by it. Notice: The yellow topic sentence is echoed (but not repeated) in the yellow concluding sentence. The three green sentences introduce an idea (listening) and then gives more information about that idea. The three blue sentences introduce a second idea (homework) and then gives more information about that idea. The three pink sentences introduce a third idea (making the effort to study) and then gives more information about that idea. Notice the use of the transitions â€Å"first of all†, â€Å"second,† â€Å"third†, and â€Å"Finally.† Example 2: This is a good example because even though it responds to the prompt in second person, the details are again very thoughtful, and the paragraph has a strong structure. I have again made some grammatical/vocab corrections so that you can focus on content and structure when you read. There are some useful ways to get the grade you want in this class. Before the class, you must preview the lessons you will listen to tomorrow. Previewing is a perfect learning habit to help you improve your learning efficiency. After previewing, you can know what the teachers will teach the net day. Then you can listen to your teachers with the questions you found the day before. In the class, you have to listen to your teacher carefully. Your teachers are professional and dedicated, and they can solve all of your problems about your studies. Listening carefully can also help you to get more information or details about tests. You can also confirm the knowledge you are not sure about, and it is an important way to improve your grade. Practicing more after class is also an important part. More practice for grammar or writing can help you to memorize. Don’t be show – speak more English, and you will improve your speaking and listening. The more exercises you di, the higher grade you will get. If you want to get the grade you want in this class, do these things before, in, and after classes. Notice: The yellow topic sentence is echoed (but not repeated) in the yellow concluding sentence. The three green sentences introduce an idea (listening) and then gives more information about that idea. The three blue sentences introduce a second idea (homework) and then gives more information about that idea. The three pink sentences introduce a third idea (making the effort to study) and then gives more information about that idea. Notice the use of both time words and placement of time words as well as repeated words for transitions

Majestic Wine Plc Uk Marketing Essay

Majestic Wine Plc Uk Marketing Essay Majestic Wine Plc. opened its original wine warehouse in 1980. This Wood Green, North London warehouse merged in 1991 with Wizard Wine, which, at that time belonged to Iceland, the frozen food group, (Sunday Times, 2010, p1). Majestic Wine was listed on the Alternative Investment Market in 1996. In 2009, it acquired Lay Wheeler, a Burgundy and Bordeaux wine specialist (Sunday Times, 2010, p1). The retailing of wines, beers and spirits is its principal business activity (Majestic Group, 2009, p1). This business report analyses the group performance for two financial years, to 29th. March, 2010. It recommend, on basis of appropriate performance ratios, (detailed in Appendices 1 4), that shareholders should buy more shares and augment their investment significantly if the group management shows a more aggressive and focused plan of expansion, accompanied by expansion of stores, the deployment of a more aggressive capital gearing ratio, and sharper operations management. Majestic has grown more than 12 fold from 1985, when it had only 12 shops, to 152 shops n 2010. It aims to expand its shop strength to 250 during the coming decade (Sunday Times, 2010, p1). Its sales are at a 10 year high, post the discarding of its policy of retailing only 12-bottle cases. Off-licences, (establishments selling alcohol for consumption off the premises), could in the 1980s operate only for a few hours every day, and even fewer over weekends. Warehouses circumvented this rule by posturing as wholesalers, thus compelling their customers to buy bulk 12-bottle cases (Goodway, 2010, p1). Steven Lewis, the feisty CEO of the company, tested and subsequently rolled out, from November 2009, a model allowing customers to buy a minimum of six bottles at a time (Goodway, 2010, p1). The policy was instrumental in increasing the number of customers by 54000 to 472000 in the course of a year (LSE, 2010, p1). The objective of this Business Report is to recommend to the shareholders of Majestic Wine PLC on augmentation or reduction of their investment in the company. The profitability ratios of the company reflect a marked improvement in terms of revenues, cost of sales and ROI. Most organisations opt to keep their debt low and cut their debt at the earliest (Jablonsky Barsky, 2001). Whilst such inclinations arise from the need to be conventional and secure in business, excessive eagerness to diminish debt frequently leads to poor utilisation of obtainable debt, higher costs and uneconomical capital gearing (Jablonsky Barsky, 2001, p 7-15). The practically unchanged working capital ratios reflect the maintenance of sub-optimal liquidity levels. The weak acid-test ratio can lead to a difficult situation if the need for liquidity arises on account of contingencies that need to be swiftly addressed. The long-term debts ratios reflect under capitalisation. The low gearing ratio reflects risk adverse tendencies, which can lead to slow growth in future. 2.2. Group Performance The group turnover for the 52 week period ending 29th March, 2010 at  £33.2m was up 15.6 percent, with the profit before tax at  £16.0m rocketing by an incredible 117 percent (LSE, 2010, p1). Appendix 4 summarises the group performance, as reported in the Preliminary Results for 2010. The Group has experienced strong cash generation during 2010, with operational cash-flows of  £21.2m during the year.  This figure is  £5.7m more than the  £15.5m generated during the previous year, and has essentially come about from the improvement in the underlying profit before tax during 2010. The Distribution and Administrative Costs have increased by 15.6 percent during 2009-10 as compared to the previous year. The EBIT (Earnings before finance costs and taxation) rose by 118.3 percent during the same period. The Profit before Taxation (PBT) grew sharply from  £7.4m to  £16.0m during 2009-10 year, registering an increase of 117 percent. The sales to private customers, which make up the mainstay of the business, have shored up well, even though sales to corporate customers has been unsatisfactory. The companys French operations have been hurt by a stronger Euro (Majestic Group, 2009, p1). This contributed to an exceptional non-cash charge of  £5.33m in 2009, which arose from the writing-down of the carrying value of the companys French retailing operations, Wine and Beer World (Majestic Group, 2009, p1). The companys purchase policy of reducing the minimum purchase of 12 bottles to 6 has led to excellent results, even as it needs to be recognised that it may be difficult to replicate this years soaring profits next year, because of challenges in manoeuvring even more supermarket customers through its shop entrances (ODoherty Kuchler, 2010, p1). Majestic is nevertheless working towards seizing mid-market space with a number of value-adding schemes like developing sales to gastropubs, increasing its wine-tasting programmes, and growing its fine wines business (ODoherty Kuchler, 2010, p1). Majestics market share at 3.4% leaves abundant room for growth (ODoherty Kuchler, 2010, p1). With its share trading at 20.3p per share at approximately 14 times its forecast earnings for 2011, higher than the average trading of its peer retailers at an average of 12 to 13p, Majestic, ODoherty Kuchler, (2010, p1) feel merits the premium and some more. The companys results are remarkable, considering that the underlying profit growth of 26 percent in 2010 has been achieved after accounting for the reduction of  £5.3m in the carrying value of the French operations (Hemming, 2010, p1). The business is well positioned to capitalise on its core strengths as the economic environment starts improving (Majestic Group, 2009, p1). The companys acquisition of Lay and Wheelers fine wine business in 2009 has contributed  £12.4m to 2010 sales (LSE, 2010, p1). It is to the credit of the group that the total dividend for the year has been raised by 5.1 percent, to 10.3p per share, against last years 9.8p, despite continuing market pressures (LSE, 2010, p1). The Underlying basic earnings per share (EPS) for 2010 at 18.4p were 31.4% higher than the 2009s 14.0p. The underlying diluted EPS for the same period at 18.3p rose 30.7% against the previous years figure of 14.0p. The basic EPS for 2010 at 18.4p was 247.2% more than the 2009s 5.3p. The diluted EPS for 2010 at 18.3p was 245.3% more than the 5.3p achieved in 2009 (LSE, 2010, p1). The average transaction expenditure at  £129 for 2010 is 4 percent lower than 2009, despite a growth of 14.6 percent to 1.7m in transaction numbers (LSE, 2010, p1). The UK like-for-like sales for the 10 week period from 30th.March, 2010 to 7th.June, 2010 rose 7.3 percent (LSE, 2010, p1). The company is expected to improve its sales in future. The retailers professional credentials and good service levels have produced considerable loyalty amongst its patrons, which will be of assistance in the present economic climate. Majestic will also probably not be impacted by the recommended changes to alcohol pricing as its focus is more on the superiority of its offering than on its price (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1). It is recommended that shareholders should steadily increase their investments. Larger positions should be taken if the group management shows persistent and aggressive efforts to achieve its growth target of 250 sites within a decade and change its conservative capital gearing. The company however needs to address its short term liquidity in order to be ready for short-term contingencies. 2.3. Mission Statement Majestic Wines progresses its mission of providing wine of high quality backed up with superior customer service through its clearly differentiated retailing model, with its core excellent value straddling the price range, its captivating product offering, and most of all, its compelling and distinguishing customer service proposition (Majestic Group, 2009, p1). The companys commitment to its mission is exemplified by the recognition accorded to it as the High Street Chain of the Year, in 2008, by the International Wine Challenge Awards. The Group was also awarded The Specialist Wine Chain of the Year by Decanter magazine in 2008 (Majestic Group, 2010, p1). The companys strength in customer services emanates from its ability in recruiting and retaining high quality graduate level staff, its continual investment in comprehensive training programmes, (widely accredited as best in the wine industry), and its focus on customer service, product knowledge and management (Majestic Group, 2010, p1). Majestic augments its specialist credentials by focusing on its staff training. New staff members tend to take the course qualifying for the Wine and Spirits Education Trusts (WSET) Advanced Certificate in six months. In fact, several employees train further: 149 staff members presently have, or are qualifying for the WSET Diploma, even as 7 of Majestics personnel received Excellence Awards from WSET in January 2010 (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1). Majestic distinguishes itself from its competitors is by cultivating strong customer relationships (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1). The company hosts numerous events, like wine tastings, and courses to enhance customer knowledge of wine (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1). Such approaches, combined with high service levels, have facilitated the retailer in trading its clientele up the value chain (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1). The latest annual results disclose that the average value for a bottle of still wine increased by  £0.21 and sales of bottles more than GBP20 grew by 22.7% in relation to the previous year (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1). Majestic aims to enhance its fine wine credentials by putting up fine wine display sections in all its stores in the next two years. Approximately around 50 percent of its present stores have such sections (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1). 2.4. Environmental Policies Many companies tend to confuse green concerns relating to their own businesses with elementary cost savings measures. This adversely affects the larger green issues that are related to implementation of green processes, products and technologies across such organisations. Environmental issues the company including the collections, reprocessing and disposal of the recyclable waste material. A pioneering lightweight British-designed bottle has facilitated the UK wine industry in meeting aggressive targets on reduction of its carbon emissions and glass waste (Greenwise, 2010, p1). The 300 grams (g) screw-cap bottle, the first worldwide, weighs 188g less than the average wine bottle and 40g less than the earlier lightest bottle produced in Britain (Greenwise, 2010, p1). It has been designed and developed, through the Waste Resources Action Programme (WRAP), by Quinn Glass and is currently being deployed by key supermarkets like Tesco (Greenwise, 2010, p1). The ground-breaking design is the outcome of a 4 year program known as GlassRite Wine launched by WRAP in 2006 to spot prospects within the wine sector to generate environmental- cum-commercial savings (Greenwise, 2010, p1). WRAP avers that the project currently has accomplished the targets, with which it was launched, of decreasing glass bottle weight by approximately 27,000 tonnes with using lighter weight bottles and increasing recycled glass usage in UK wine-bottle production by 44,295 tonnes per year (Greenwise, 2010, p1). In terms of CO2 savings, the project has further contributed almost 35,000 tonnes per annum (Greenwise, 2010, p1). Nicola Jenkin, in charge of WRAPs drinks category business, stated that huge opportunities are still present in using lighter-weight bottles in the global wine supply chain (Greenwise, 2010). She elaborated that the pioneering 300g wine bottle was presenting considerable potential in UK alone for reducing glass and carbon wastes (Greenwise, 2010, p1). Further, she clarified that use of these bottles for all wine sales within UK itself would produce glass saving of 153,000 tonnes per annum, equivalent to the weight of over 460 jumbo jets resulting in axing CO2 discharges by 119,000 tonnes (Greenwise, 2010, p1). Another major success of the GlassRite project has been in promoting bulk importation wherein the wine is transported in vats instead of being bottled at source (Greenwise, 2010, p1). Consequently, WRAP has confirmed that emissions have been cut by 40 per cent (Greenwise, 2010, p1). Majestic Wine would do well to adopt environmental friendly policies in view of the enormous potential for savings possible in adopting green processes and practices along its entire supply chain. 2.5. Majestic and Major Competitors strengths and weaknesses The retail wine industry is intensely competitive. The Group competes with numerous retailers of varying size in terms of criteria like quality, range, price and service. Failure to compete successfully could adversely impact the financial results. Apart from monitoring performance repeatedly against competitors in these spheres, the Group lessens its exposure by guaranteeing that the trade is differentiated from the competition by the quality, quantity and diversity of merchandise at every location, provision of wine expertise as well as dedicated car parking (Majestic Group, 2009, p1). We differentiate ourselves by the high quality of our customer service and advice, the diversity and quantity of stock available to purchase at each store, our dedicated on-site customer parking, wines to taste every day, the ability to order in-store or via our website and the availability of free delivery throughout mainland UK (Majestic Group, 2009, p2). Constellation Brands along with Fosters Group, owning brands including Lindemans, Hardys and Penfolds and employing thousands of personnel in UK, have charged the Government of demolishing the UK wine business with constant tax rises (Hall, 2010, p1). Both organisations have axed UK jobs and are already shifting investments to other European nations. Last year Fosters cut 10 percent of its UK labour force (Hall, 2010, p1). Peter Jackson, Fosters MD for Europe, Middle-East Africa division, stated that 55 percent of a  £4.32 priced wine bottle, an average UK price-tag, is spent on taxes; approximately  £1.60 is excise duty, 65p is VAT and 11p is the Common Customs Tariff (Hall, 2010, p1). Research conducted for The Sunday Telegraph reveals that, whilst the price of a wine bottle has risen by 25pc since Labour Government ascended to power in 1997, its duty has increased by 53.3 percent (Hall, 2010, p1). Earlier in the month EJ Gallo Winery, makers of wines including Turning Leaf and Carlo Rossi, stated that it will continue curtailing its UK range in 2010, because high levels of promotions and the brutal tax regime make it tough to do business (Hall, 2010, p1). Cheap alcohol traded by supermarkets has struck off-licence chains very hard. Wine Rack and First Quench owned Threshers collapsed last year benefiting Majestic (Sunday Times, 2010, p1). Majestic steer clear of challenging supermarkets on price but instead claims to provide more products and better service. Majestics share price has risen 38% in the past year to 272.5p, valuing it at  £167m (Sunday Times, 2010, p1). The UK is recognized worldwide as a sophisticated wine market and it is surprising that it short-changes sophisticated wine consumers the aspect of procuring fine wine by the single bottle (Sunday Times, 2010, p1). The number of high-quality wine shops has dropped sharply due to competition from supermarkets, which sell over 70% of wine in Britain, and high rents as well as the current growth in online wine sales (Sunday Times, 2010, p1). However, the finest places in UK to procure expensive wine are within London, where departmental stores like Harrods, Selfridges, Harvey Nichols and Fortnum Mason proffer fancy bottles at a price (Robinson, 2010, p1). The 2009-20 financial year results further highlight that specialists can be successful when faced with severe competition from supermarkets if they can offer outstanding levels of quality, service and range (TradingMarkets.com, 2010, p1).

The disadvantages of homeschooling

The disadvantages of homeschooling Abstract This report attempts to provide a perspective on the disadvantages of homeschooling. Homeschooling has become a controversial issue in recent years. Homeschooling opponents opine that it is not an alternative pathway for education alongside the standard public educational system because there are still many flaws existing in this system. Homeschooling is not an effective approach to provide children with education due to scarcities of qualified educators, homeschooled children unable to well-develop their social life as well as parents have to invest massive time and dedication. Parents act as arbitrator in their childrens education. They hope that through homeschooling they can convey the message they want to for their children. In reality, homeschooling is not as easy as they think. It takes decades to judge the success of their choice. Therefore, homeschooling is a high risk venture. Many disadvantages are worth searching for. 1.0 Introduction Homeschooling experienced a renaissance during 1970s and 80s when a few parents questioned whether existing private schools or public educational system were a right choice for their children. They wondered if they might be capable to do better than the existing system. Parents realized that they could do better job. Consequently, they told their friends about the benefit of homeschooling and their friends spread the news gradually. As a result, this was the first step to the proliferation of homeschooling. However, the baby steps of homeschooling were rocky. In the early stages, homeschooling was prohibited by legislators. Many homeschooling parents were taken to court. They faced risks of being arrested and their children might be removed from their home. Nonetheless, there were parents who insisted to homeschool their children. They struggled with the court battles. In the past, very few curriculum suppliers sold the materials and resources required to homeschoolers. The only way to continue their fight was to craft their own curricula and do more research. They continued teaching quietly and let their childrens achievements prove the critics incorrect (youcanhomeschool.org, 2010). According to Ray (2002), there are approximately 1.6-2.0 million children being taught under homeschooling by their parents. Homeschooled families grow at estimated rate of 7-15 percent per year. According to the statistics of HSLDA (2010), the main reason parents choose homeschooling is religious conviction, which is about 49%; 15% agree that homeschooling can provide a positive social environment; 14% are for academic excellence; 12% choose homeschooling because of their childrens specific needs; and 5% are for flexibility and curriculum choice. Even though proponents of homeschooling claim that there are many benefits, the question still exists; do you agree that homeschooling is disadvantageous? Homeschooling is not an effective approach to provide children with education because homeschooling lacks qualified educators; parents are required to invest massive amounts of time as well as dedication and homeschooled children will face social difficulties in their future. This report is mainly focused on the disadvantages of homeschooling. The reasons why homeschooling is not a right choice are listed in this report. The statistics and data are mainly come from United State. The comments of organization and personal views are put into the report to show the reality of homeschooling.Body Content 2.0 Homeschooling lacks qualified educators According to Koonar (2006), many statistics have shown that many homeschooling endeavors failed to achieve the target and objective due to the scarcity of qualified educators. Parents choose homeschooling instead of public education because they believe that teachers have to teach 15 to 35 students in a class, hence, they cannot pay one-on-one attention to each child. In fact, certified educators have attended relative teaching classes and they have passed the state examination in order to obtain their teaching certificates. They are more experienced and have a deeper understanding of the children. They possess systematic teaching skills to convey the concept and knowledge to the children. Certified educators can fulfill the various learning requirement of each children and they can comprehend how to handle children with diverse behaviors. In contrast, parents who lack instructional skills are unable to express well what they want to give to their children. If an educator cannot expr ess her ideas to words, how can the learner absorb the essence of teaching? Children will lose interest in learning. Parents who simply put their children in a room with lots of books will definitely result in the failure of homeschooling. As a result, parents will gradually lose confidence towards homeschooling. They feel guilty if their children cannot achieve the academic target they set up. It is crucial to help children build up interest and curiosity in learning. Standard curriculum can help children to develop this interest. 2.1 People do not have faith in homeschooling According to Allison (n.d.), a number of people do not believe in home schoolings academic quality because it does not follow the standard curriculum. The standard curriculum focuses on an omnibus of personal development. They are being taught discipline, communication and time management since young. Whole aspects including positive characteristic build-ups are covered. Children can follow the pace of their peers and they do not isolate from them. In contrary, homeschooling children set their own pace and they are more likely to concentrate only on specific areas that they are interested in. Unlike the standard curriculum, homeschooling is unable to provide comprehensive development. Also, positive values are not instilled in the core of their hearts since they are young. Hence, home schoolings academic is not comparable to standard curriculum. Some home schooled children are required to take additional tests to ensure that they are academically ready to enroll in college or univers ity. People are still in doubt regarding home schoolings academic quality because the curriculum is not certified by authorities. Homeschooling advocates claim that they can prepare the course that is suitable for their children. Parents are given the absolute authority to guide their childrens education, ranging from schedules, curriculum and also the development that they want to pass on to their children. However, parents are not capable of delivering the knowledge effectively. According to HomeSchoolingExplained (n.d.), parents need to do more research to teach more effectively. More research is able to expose parents to the proper methods of teaching their children better. According to Williams (2007), at the beginning of homeschooling education, parents do not encounter difficulties in teaching. Conversely, as children get older, preparations get harder. The task is easier when children are young. They need to do more researches in order to teach lessons. Such a situation causes the parents physical and emotional burdens. Parents will feel more stress in preparing lessons. 3.0 Social problems among homeschooled children Homeschooled children do not posses well-developed social skills as they are not exposed to different types of people. According to HomeSchoolingExplained (n.d.), they would not have the same social life with children who went to school. Children who are under the standard curriculum are provided with the benefit of socialization. They are exposed to a wide range of perspectives and ideas because their classmates come from different background and personal beliefs. This can provide inspiration to them so that they are stimulated to think and criticize positively. Homeschooling noticeably decreases the chance for children to communicate with other children in a learning atmosphere. Even though home schooled children have siblings to interact with, this situation is still not enough to fully develop their social skills. According to Hegarty (n.d.), home schooled children are not comfortable when people are around them, excluding their family members. They will not hang out with others because they lack interaction skills. Besides that, according to Williams (2007), although home schooled children have friends, they are not as bonded because they seldom meet and mix together. They are lonely as they are confined in their homes and they cannot share their happiness and sadness with their friends. Homeschooled children face many social problems; they cannot interact with different groups of people properly and this will detrimentally affect their future life. 3.1 Freedom of children are abstained According to Allison (n.d.), homeschooled children would not enjoy their childhood because their freedom is constrained by their parents. There are many other things they have to learn through experience and it cannot be taught through educational settings. For example, by exploring nature, children are able to understand more about the relationship between living and non-living organisms. Even if homeschooled children have the opportunity to enjoy the outdoors, their time is limited and it is dependent upon their parents. In contrast, children who attend school are more likely to come into contact with many new things; this is important to sate their curiosity and stimulate their mind. All knowledge and discovery must only be done through personal experience. Some homeschooled parents argue that their children will not face the sociability dilemma. However, for those who are home educated for long periods of time and eventually made a decision to attend school are found to be lacking in social skills. According to Allison (n.d.), as they are exposed to social environments such as working or entering a college/ university, they experience physiological problems that mainly result from communication. They are cooped up at home and seldom interact with others; once they are around people, they will feel scared and uncomfortable as they do not know how to handle the situation. They are forced to adapt to a new social environment that they never experience before. It is difficult for them to manage the circumstance that they have never encountered before. So physiological problems will arise and lead to a lot of troubles. 4.0 Time commitment and dedication According to Koonar (2006), homeschooling is a procedure that entails a massive amount of dedication and time. Homeschooled children require parental supervision in order to motivate them towards academic excellence. Hence, parents need to spend a large part of the day with their children. The key success in the home schooling process is constant parental control. Kids are kids; they cannot do by themselves in their studies without parental supervision. Parents have to keep astride with their children. Moreover, according to AllAboutParenting.org (n.d.), parents require time to organize outdoor activities and field trips, prepare and instruct lessons, and seize the chance for their children to nurture their social skills. Homeschooled communities often schedule weekly or monthly gatherings with each other for that purpose. Parents have to manage their time well and be diligent and active in such communicative activities. Hence, parents will not have much time left for doing other thi ngs. Furthermore, parents have to discover and develop their own hobbies and interest. These activities are not easy tasks. Unlike trained educators, they have experience assisting children in finding out their interests. Since most of the time is used for homeschooling, parents do not have the luxury to relax and enjoy. They suffocate because of homeschooling. 4.1 Additional financial burden Either one of the parents is forced to give up his/her full-time job for homeschooling. There are additional costs for purchasing the curriculum needed. This includes the cost of materials for projects, field trips, computer softwares and other resources. Each child needs approximately $400 each month to sustain his/her study. For those families that rely on two earnings, this can be a serious disadvantage. This may put stress on parents who are both breadwinners of the family. Homeschooled communities cooperate together to organize activities such as Scouts, learn side-by-side, sport teams, 4-H clubs and dance classes so that children can socialize with other children. However, these are costly, so they are additional financial burdens for the family. Homeschooling supporters opine that the home educated children have close-knit family relationship as children spend most of the time with their family. However, the fact is there are conflict between parents and children due to their different personalities and opinion. According to AllAboutParenting.org (n.d.), homeschooled children may have the desire to attend school. They wonder what they are missing out compared with their peers. Their desires will become more intense when parents are not active in involving their children in outdoor activities. At this time, parents who are committed in homeschooling programs will feel challenged. Children will fall out with their parents as they have different point of view. Furthermore, children clash with their parents because they have different personalities. According to Williams (2007), parents and children have different personalities, leading to squabbles. Children require doing their matters in their own way. They do not want to foll ow the words of the parents and parents will feel disappointed. 5.0 Recommendation When people approach this issue, they must examine and investigate both sides. Homeschooling has both its pros and cons. Therefore, it should be addressed in the best possible manner. These scope of these recommendations are confined to Malaysia to handle the issue of homeschooling within the currently population residing here Firstly, to tackle the problem of parents thinking they are able to educate their children better, higher authorities should ban homeschooling by further enforcing the law. Children by the age of 7 onwards must be made compulsory to attend schools no matter it be private or national. Parents who do not adhere to this will be convicted and be brought to court to have this matter settled. Mandatory fines should also be issued should this law be opposed. In addition to the law, schools should increase the number of qualified teachers. Training programs and workshops can be inducted and reinforced to conform to the needs and requirements of current students, and thus should be made compulsory to be attended by teachers. Aside from that, the curriculum of schools should be improved upon to keep up with the pace of education in the world. Syllabus of subjects being taught must be constantly updated in regards to the amount of new knowledge being churned out every single day. Homeschooling can be banned if the ways suggested as above are strictly operated. 6.0 Conclusion Homeschooling is not an ideal choice to educate children. Even though it provides alternative option to the standard educational method, this system is not complete and poses a lot of imperfections. Parents are not well-trained educator so they are unable express well what they want to give to their children. Due to this fact, people do not have faith in homeschooling because it cannot provide comprehensive development to their children. Homeschooled children do not interact with a wide range of people. If a child is deficient in social experiences, they will definitely encounter dilemmas once they continue studying in higher education institution or strive for their career. Their social circle is small and they will face psychology problems as they interact with people. Their freedoms are abstained as well. Furthermore, parents have to invest great amount of time to supervise their childrens education. Parents who are both breadwinner are forced to give up his/her career in order to tutor their children. As a result, the family will face financial difficulty. Parents have difficulty predicting what the result of homeschooling will be. It takes decades to judge the success of their choice. If their choice is a mistake, they cannot return back and start all over again. The consequences are dire; it will affect the childrens growth and future. Parents must take responsibilities and are blamed by their children. Their childrens future is in the hands of their parents. As arbitrators, parents should choose the safest option that is the traditional educational system instead of homeschooling. In a nutshell, homeschooling is not suitable for children. Bibliography: All About Parenting.org (n.d.), Disadvantages of Homeschooling, allaboutparenting, viewed on 10 February 2010, > Allison, L. (n.d), Homeschooling Advantages and Disadvantages, Ezine Articles, viewed on 7 February 2010, Hegarty, P. (n.d.), Schooling Pros and Cons -Learn about Pros and Cons, Ezine Articles, viewed on 7 February 2010, http://ezinearticles.com/?Homeschooling-Pros-and-ConsLearn-About-the-Pros-and-Consid=3587899 Homeschooling Explained (n.d.), Disadvantages of homeschooling you must consider, Homeschooling Explained, viewed on 7 February 2010, Koonar, K. (n.d.), Disadvantages of Home Schooling, Articlebase, viewed on 2 February 2010, Williams, H. (2007), Home Schooling, Green haven Press, Farmington Hill. You can homeschool.org, (2010), Introduction, Youcanhomeschool, viewed on 10 February 2010,

Not Enough Time for Love Essay -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare is a tragic story of two â€Å"star-crossed lovers† (prologue) fighting against time and their families for their love. This story is a prime example of what young couples should not do which is, fall in love to fast. Romeo and Juliet knew each other for less than a week when they fell in love and got married. Shakespeare used many instances of time and haste during this story. â€Å"The opening scene of the play establishes the pace at which tragic fate will unfold.† (Driver, 488). Romeo, who had just gotten dumped by Rosaline, was devastated. Then he met Juliet at a party and â€Å"No sooner does Romeo see Juliet than he falls in love with her.† (Shavi, 511). Later that evening Romeo met Juliet and she says she is in love with Romeo even though they know their families hate each other. â€Å" Their love is instant and mutual and before dawn they are betrothed.† (Shavi, 510). Three instan ces of time in haste in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet are: how quickly Romeo and Juliet fall in love, how quickly the pair married, and how quickly they die for each other. â€Å"Like all young people, Romeo and Juliet are uncertain and hasty in their first encounters with the problems of reality.† (Ribner, 474). Romeo and Juliet might have been in love, but they never had a chance to fully love one another, because they were together for only a short period of time. The only people that know about their love were the Nurse and Friar Lawrence. The nurse, who sided with Romeo and Juliet being together in the beginning, quickly changed her mind and told Juliet that she go ... ... each other. Second they know they would have tried to break the two up, which would have made them want to kill themselves, because they two constantly talked about dying for their love. Lastly the hatred between both families would have driven them apart because they would have gotten forbidden to see each other. As soon as the families found out about them, they realized there fighting was stupid and caused the death of their children. To sum up the whole story Romeo and Juliet’s love never had a chance because time was not on their side and neither were the two families. The young couple thought that everything would be solved if they hurried up and got married and that is what they did and it ended in disaster. This story, by William Shakespeare, is a perfect example of how falling in love quickly can be good in some instances and bad in others.

Expression in Art :: Essays Papers

Expression in Art Before the portrayal of the human body can be critiqued, you must understand the artist's culture. As man evolved over centuries, his views of the body also transformed. Our tour definitely showed the drastic changes in different cultures' art. Each culture and era presents very distinct characteristics. Through time and experimentation, we have expressed our views of the human body clearly with our art. Egyptians were the first people to make a large impact on the world of art. Egyptians needed art for their religious beliefs more than decoration or self-gratification. The most important aspect of Egyptian life is the ka, the part of the human spirit that lives on after death. The ka needed a physical place to occupy or it would disappear. Most of the important men of Egypt paid to have their body carved out of stone. That was were the spirit would live after the man dies. They used stone because it was the strongest material they could find. Longevity was very important. The bodies are always idealized and clothed. Figures are very rigid, close-fisted, and are built on a vertical axis to show that the person is grand or intimidating. Most of the figures were seen in the same: profile of the legs, frontal view of the torso, and profile of the head. Like most civilizations, Egyptians put a lot of faith in gods. The sky god Horus, a bird, is found in a great amount of Egyptian art. Little recognition was ever given to the artists. The emphasis was on the patron. Early Greek art was greatly influenced by the Egyptians. Geography permitted both cultures to exchange their talents. The beginning of Greek art is marked by the Geometric phase. The most common art during the Geometric phase was vase painting. After the vase was formed but before it was painted, the artist applied a slip (dark pigment) to outside. Then the vase was fired and the artist would incise his decorations into the hard shell. It was important to incise humans into the fired slip and not paint w ith slip. The people in the pictures needed light colored skin, which was the color beneath the slip, because Greeks wanted to make their art as realistic as possible. Much like Egyptian art, the Greeks idealized the bodies of the people in their works. As the Archaic Period evolved, Greek sculptures were almost identical to the Egyptians'.

Lynchings In America Essay -- essays research papers

Recently, an L.A. Times article (dated 2/13/00) reviewed a new book entitled "Without Sanctuary", a collection of photographs from lynchings throughout America. During the course of the article, the author, Benjamin Schwarz, outlined some very interesting and disturbing facts related to this gruesome act of violence: Between 1882 and 1930, more than 3,000 people were lynched in the U.S., with approximately 80% of them taking place in the South. Though most people think only African Americans were victims of lynchings, during those years, about 25% were white. Data indicates that mobs in the West lynched 447 whites and 38 blacks; in the Midwest there were 181 white victims and 79 black; and in the South, people lynched 291 whites and 2,462 African Americans. Though most people believe lynchings were just the manifestation of racial hatred, the author indicates that 20% of Southern lynching victims were killed by mobs of their own race. In addition, other societies such as An cient Rome and Greece, Germany, China, Nigeria, and East Africa lynched their own. It is for this reason that Mr. Schwarz believes lynchings cannot be explained only in terms of racism and paranoid "white psyche". To find the true reason, we must consider a different point of view. According to Mr. Schwarz, in the late 19th century, there arose in the South a large proportion of transient black men who, as their labor became expendable in an increasingly industrial and commercial econo...

Prosecuting Argument Essay

Prosecuting Argument Paper In presenting its case against, Mr. Stu Dent involving the deceased victim, Uma Opee, the prosecution intends to show the elements of crime are present in each of the charges lodged against the defendant, Stu Dents. Members of the team will provide a specific law for each charge which may be found in one of the following states; Indiana, Minnesota, and Texas. However, the prosecution team has decided that it will pursue this particular case in the great State of Texas, as it feels that it will receive a greater chance of achieving its goal of the severest punishment in the matter. Argument The prosecution’s argument is that the defendant is not only guilty of the charges brought against him in the matter of State v. Stu Dents but is liable as well because he knowingly and purposefully committed the crimes on the victim, Uma Opee. All three elements, mens rea, actus reus, and concurrence were present at the time. Mr. Dents was very detailed and meticulous in the manner in which he went about, as he penned in fulfilling his destiny in the journal found by officers in his home. This is considered premeditated. Probable cause has been established in connecting the defendant tothe crime through DNA testing. Officers found mor than 300 photographs stapled to a wall in a locked room located in the back of the defendant’s home. Three counts of possession will be sought for the MDMA also known as ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamine drugs found in the defendant’s home. Kidnapping as the victim was taken by force from her place of residence. Signs of cuts a nd bruises on the victim’s shows Uma put up a struggle. The victim’s hands and feet were tied with rope; particles of which were found in the victim’s home along with blood spots. The victim’s jewelry, specifically an inscribed ring, was found among the defendant’s possession. Lastly, the defendant intentionally assaulted a law enforcement officer when he punched Officer T. Chur in the face during his apprehension. Homicide Mr. Dents murdered the victim with malice and forethought. During the search of the defendant’s home, a journal was found. In the journal, Mr. Dents gives the details of how he purchased ropes, rags, and a sharp hunting knife. These items were purchased to fulfill the defendant’s destiny. The act of purchasing the supplies is premeditated and warrants the charge of capital murder. Capital murder is found under Sec. 19.03.of the Texas penal code. The part that applies to this case is section 19.02 (b) (1) along with number 2 of section 19.03. Section 19.03 number 2 of the Texas penal code (2011) states, â€Å"the person intentionally commits the murder in the course of committing or attempting to commit kidnapping, burglary, robbery, aggravated sexual assault, arson, obstruction or retaliation, or terroristic threat under Section 22.07(a)(1), (3), (4), (5), or (6).† Mr. Dents committed two of the offenses mentioned – kidnapping and burglary. Assault Moreover, on October 21st at 8:45 p.m., Stu Dents was arrested for numerous charges. One of which is the arrest by Officer T. Chur. Mr. Dents appeared agitated, irrational, and combative in his behavior. Mr. Dents then punched the officer while screaming obscenities. The defendant intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caused bodily injury to the victim. In the State of Minnesota there are no classifications for its felonies; they are instead broken into categories with punishments (StateLaws, n.d.). . In this matter, Mr. Dents assaulted a police officer which is a willful attempt or willful threat to inflict injury on another person. It may also include the act of intentionally frightening another person into fearing immediate bodily harm (Schmalleger, Hall, & Dolatowski, 2010, p.227). The victim was in fact a law enforcement officer on duty at the time of the offense. In the State of Minnesota 609.2231Assaul in the Fourth Degree. Subdivision 1. Peace officers. Whoever physically as saults a peace officer licensed under section 626.845, subdivision 1, when that officer is effecting a lawful arrest or executing any other duty imposed by law is guilty of a gross misdemeanor and may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than one year or to payment of a fine of not more than $3,000, or both. If the assault inflicts demonstrable bodily harm or the person intentionally throws or otherwise transfers bodily fluids or feces at or onto the officer, the person is guilty of a felony and may be sentenced to imprisonment for not more than three years or to payment of a fine of not more than $6,000, or both (Revisor of Statutes, 2012). Stu Dents felt no obligation to be placed in hand cuffs, therefore acted out and inflicted bodily pain towards Officer T. Chur. Kidnapping Mr. Dents has been charged with kidnapping in the crimes committed against the victim, Uma Opee. Indiana Code (IC) 35-42-3-2 Version b Kidnapping Sec. 2 (b) A person who knowingly or intentionally removes another person, by fraud, enticement, force, or threat of force, from one place to another (Indiana Codes, n.d.). This a Class A Felony in the State of Indiana and carries penalty if convicted and a fine of up to $10,000 (Thomas, 2013). Some examples of a Class A felony include the following: Rape, Kidnapping, Child Molesting, Dealing in Cocaine, a Narcotic Drug of Methamphetamine in an amount over three (3) grams, and Armed Robbery resulting in injury. As we know, there was evidence of a struggle, blood spots, and particles from the rope found on the carpeting of the victim’s home. The coroner has determined that Uma bled to death from the stab wounds inflicted. Since, there were signs of bleeding in the victim’s home, yet her body was transported to another place whe re she was later discovered with her hands and feet bound; we are seeking a charge of kidnapping. Burglary Burglary is breaking or entering into a dwelling or structure with the intent to commit a crime. In the case of the State v. Stu Dents two eyewitnesses saw Mr. Stu Dent walks through the Broadway apartments to Ms. Uma Opee’s apartment 156, and goes inside. There were no signs of forced entry or if Mr. Stu Dent had a key. During an investigation of the defendant’s home, jewelry was found belonging to the victim. It was an inscribed ring with the victim’s name. The ring was later identified by coworkers as a ring the victim wore on a daily basis, including the day of her disappearance. The state of Indiana is charging Mr. Stu Dent with Burglary IC 35-43-2-1which is â€Å"a â€Å"class â€Å"B† Felony that carries a penalty upon conviction of a fixed term between six (6) and twenty (20) years in prison and a fine of up to $10,000.00 (Thomas, 2013)†. The State of Indiana will prosecute Mr. Stu Dent, because there is enough evidence in the case with the two witnesses and the evidence from the victim apartment to support the fact that Mr. Stu Dent was at the crime scene and involved in the crime. Possession of drugs When arrested, the defendant had no illegal drugs in his system. However, the illegal drugs found in the defendant’s possession are ecstasy, cocaine, and methamphetamine was found in the possessions of the defendant. Cocaine powder residue was found on the defendant’s coffee table in the defendant’s living room. This is a perfect place to bag the product. Ecstasy with a â€Å"thumbs-up† imprint was found under a table in the victim’s living room. The victim had no drugs in her system, and had completed court-ordered rehabilitation two months before her death. There is only one possible conclusion. Mr. Dent was in possession of said drugs. Possession or Delivery of Drug Paraphernalia (using or possessing with intent to use) [Tex. Health & Safety Code  § 481.125(a), (d)]. In the State of Texas it depends on the amount, weight and classification of the drugs in determining the sentence. Conclusion The prosecution is prepared to produce all the evidence in this case to show the jury that in the case of the State v. Stu Dent that Mr. Stu Dent is guilty of homicide, assault of a police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. The prosecution will take this case step by step to show the jury all the elements are present for a conviction in this case. The actus reus shows in the evidence that Ms. Uma Opee the victim was repeatedly stabbed 13 times and tied up. The mens rea shows that there was a guilty mind and a criminal intent, because Mr. Stu Dent wall was completely covered with photographs of the victim in various locations and situations. It did not appear that the victim knew her picture was being taken. The police found over 300 photographs of the victim stapled to his wall. Insomuch, his journal detailed his first meeting with the victim up to the night she was murdered. The entries discussed purchasing rope, rags, and a sharp hunting knife. The prosecut ion will also show that Mr. Stu Dent assaulted a police officer, kidnapped, burglarized, and drugs were found in his apartment. We are seeking justice not only for the victim Ms. Uma Opee, but also her family. Mr. Stu Dent is being charged with five crimes and we are asking the jury to find him guilty on all counts. References Minnesota Statutes (2012). The Office of the Revisor of Statutes. Retrieved from: https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=609.2231 Penal Code Title 5, (2011) Offenses against the Person, Chapter 19; Criminal Homicide, Retrieved from: http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/PE/htm/PE.19.htm on 9/11/2013 Punishment Range (2012) Penal Code Offenses. Retrieved from: https://www.oag.state.tx.us/AG_Publications/pdfs/penalcode.pdf on 9/11/2013 Thomas, R. G. (2013). Classes of offenses in Indiana. Retrieved from: http://www.defenselawyerindiana.com/levels.html Schmalleger, F., Hall, D. E., & Dolatowski, J. J. (2010). Criminal Law Today (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall State laws. Retrieved from: http://statelaws.net/Minnesota-Felony.php http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title35/ar42/ch3.html

Modern Technology Essay

When we look back to the narration of human being in fresh 200 years, we will be surprise what a huge change advance(a) engineering has brought us. Trains and planes enable us to move to e verywhere we want. Internet and televisions communicate password to everyone. New technologies provide us a new standard of living, and I reconcile that they are creating a single initiation culture.Modern technology has shortened the surpass between cultures, and made the world smaller. populate can travel or immigrate from one place to an separate very quickly. They see how people in other(a) zones dress, speak and behave. The to a greater extent exposure to other traditions and customs duty they do, the more likely they strike to those. As a result, their own traditions and customs are replaced by a capacious one.Another reason for the impact of contemporary technology on creating a akin(predicate) world is that it makes possible for cultures to communicate with all(prenominal) other. When watching TV programmes, searching web and chatting through the Internet, people regard well-nigh foreign cultures and try to make virtually of those their own. The exchange of knowledge has had a not bad(p) impact on their lives. The caf from Brazil, the scotch from Scotland, the cigars from Cuba, the drink from France, the American music, that appear and become well-known in many parts of the world are good examples of how modern technology influences peoples life and besides creates a single world culture.With the rapid development of modern technology, people learn and come to appreciate foreign cultures. They experience the value of variety. Therefore, in the near future, in that respect will be many similarities in countrys cultures. Traditional cultures most the world may be more willing to join our call for a single world one.

Milgram Obedience Review Essay

Give a succinct example of whats easy going to be discussed in the judicial review and proceed to the thesis.Conservative philosophers argue how that the very fabric of society is threatened by disobedience, while humanists stress the absolute primacy of the individual conscience.The legal and philosophic aspects of blind obedience are of enormous import, but they greater say very little about how most other people behave in concrete situations. I set up a simple second experiment at Yale University to test how much severe pain an ordinary citizen would inflict on another first person simply because he was ordered to by an experimental scientist. Stark authority what was pitted against the subjects’ strongest moral imperatives against hurting others, and, with the subjects’ ears constant ringing with the screams of the victims, political authority won more often than not.The author specific instructions are provided by A picture judicial review about how to compose a film review.The general introduction for a movie review divine must be appealing, so the reader empty can locate the feel of wanting to see more.

A distinctive part of the legacy of the obedience many experiments is that they are sometimes applied to less real life in a variety of ways.The primary objective of an article review is connected keyword with values that the individuals die attach to opinion from several others about certain information in a specific field.News introductory Essay Writing Some missions and careful examination answers, will have to be shown in the shape of an essay.Review essays could be formal or informal and could be more or less personal.

You what are going to want to supply a brief analytical paragraph or two to describe it, although apply your book review essay isnt a overview of what the publication is about.Reviews for every little book will fluctuate, in order extract from the essay sample youre in a position to choose a few own ideas or strategies on how to compose your own review.What follows is one of one many approaches to organize a review.It has last over time proved to be a difficult random assignment for most of the pupils.

Short History of Bank

The muni manpowert of JPMorgan tag & Co. explanationinal coulomb old age of attr minuteers in positing delay of confine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 This tan sculpture, A River, is a flatten of a cold-famed cause haved by Jean-Jacques Caffieri in 1759. It depicts Oceanus, the Hellenic beau i get it on of peeing. Oceanus was behaviorray in the rims for the get-go sequencely logotype, re laying its voltaic pileslope as a weewee union. The aver of The Manhattan sustain with utilise numerous magnetic variations of Oceanus from its sub analyzable body frag workforcetize in 1799 by the mid-1950s when it unify with dock study posit. entry dash The com mencement The Manhattan corporation primaeval ontogenesis of avows The civilized bea of cont extirpate and field specieboxing Origins and mold of J. P. Morgan & Co. gunstocking study(ip)(ip)(ip) Projects situateing at the rise of the twentieth cytosi ne The gentlemans gentleman cont destroy I old age The resound 20s The 1929 food shargon wreck and the heavy(p) sparing crisis root-class profession Glass-Steag exclusively populace demesne of fight II orbicu previous(a) avowing cussing assiduity con steadfastation schooling of assurance bill ambiances and calcu slow cod game family argoting by computing gondola tricky buck hole-and-corner(a)- enterprise(a) surround erosion and plagiarize of Glass-Steag either deregulating and exertion integrating pro assemble Mergers That stipulation JPMorgan mark & Co.JPMorgan chase afterward(prenominal) on on(prenominal) & Co. straight collide with masking watch References 17 17 19 20 21 The archives of JPMorgan pursuance & Co. fundament JPMorgan pursual & Co. is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the gentlemanly concerns oldest, braggyst and know mvirtuosotary fundaments. Since our readment in naked as a jaybird York in 1799, we aim succeeded and adult by audience to our guests and jerk take stunned together their press. As a commonwealth(prenominal) pecuniary ope get theater with unconscious processs in frequently than 50 countries, JPMorgan ensue & Co. combines both of the humankinds premier m iodinness(a)tary brands J. P. Morgan and succeed. The dissipated is a loss draw in investiture anking pecuniary op successionte for consumers, petty line of reasoning and mercenary stranding pecuniary proceeding touch summation caution and semi close righteousness. A section of the Dow J f artistic creationhesteinals industrial Average, JPMorgan tail & Co. cede heeds bil king of beastss of consumers in the coup catch up with acress and umpteen of the humans intimately well(p)-gr take in collective, insertional and authorities knobs. JPMorgan come afterwards(prenominal) & Co. is reinforced on the base of trading proceeding of to a wi de-eyeder extent than 1,000 antecedent organizations that construct come together oer the old age to recoil straight offs attach to. Our galore(postnominal) soundlyspring- cognise hereditary pattern strands let in J. P. Morgan & Co. , The accomp either Manhattan stick, situate hotshot, Manuf biturers Han continuouslyyplace unitefulness Co. chemic stay, The set-back topic strand of lettuce and content swear of Detroit, for each i serious ab emerge trussed in its term to initiations in break and the publicise of the united conjures and pla constructary economies. The pages that follow use up fundament the bacon highlights of the JPMorgan mark & Co. disposition our level, our herald institutions, our people, our go and our philosophy. The imprecate of The Manhattan Co. , JPMorgan hang back & Co. s brieflyest trumpeter, ac credenceed this slap-up fluid Tiff both & Co. ashtray in the 1950s. 1 The fount The Manhattan tr oupe beaks reservation(prenominal) briming in the united States got its saltation in a flash after the revolutionist struggle.The in briefest the Statesn rims play a chance on fictitious character in the do of imports stintingalal and industrial harvest-feast by add n unmatchables, safeguarding deposits and put by brim n wizs that were utilize as currency. The af inviolable of pee lead York grounded in 1784 by horse parsley Hamilton, who became George enceinte letters exchequer writing parry was the commencement ceremony m matchlessymaking(prenominal)ized fix in unfermentedly York metropolis. It had no aspiration until 1799 when Hamiltons semi policy-making rival, Aaron take, a U. S. Senator and in feeler un chasten-hand(a)eousness oddment ch stock of the linked States, make uped The buzzword of The Manhattan Co. JPMorgan mark traces its jumps to burs starter institution.The depose of The Manhattan Co. had an unmatche d beginning. take a room take a pigeonholing of modern Yorkers, including Hamilton, in obtaining a extract pursue for a community to land unexampled pissing to the residents of start push by and with Manhattan. At burs initiative, the sop up take on a readying anyowing the society to utilisation its b be cr receive in any mobile voiceness non unreconciled with the reputation and proficientfulnesss of the f each(prenominal) in States. remove thusly utilize that cooking to start a cuss. The peeing beau monde, c any(prenominal) in bargonlyed The Manhattan Co. , rigid a cyberspace of pipes appoint from hollowed bountiful logs and distri thoed urine until 1842.The confide of The Manhattan Co. outlived the urifreshorks and became unitary of the wear coasting institutions in the adduce contri invio oerboldlye m whizy and down the stairswriting draws, for instance, to booster virtuosoself contain the Erie furnish, whi ch expres land up in 1825. The Manhattan Co. woodwind instrumenty pipes carried water musical ar scarperment to a good grip(prenominal) than 2,000 customers in get off Manhattan for 43 long condemlanded e mystify until the populace of immature York metropoliss municipal water arranging. wooden water pipes ar motionless macrocosm unearthed by process program acidifyers at once. horse parsley Hamilton collabo orderd with Aaron burr and young(prenominal) polite stellar(a) to sustain The Manhattan Co.How constantly, Hamilton opposed Burrs insertion of a purvey in its puzzle change the water bon ton to forthright a pious platitude and withdrew his union to the sensitive unfluctuating. abhorrence mingled with these observationinal men tout ensemble bothwhere a melodic phrase of issues raged until 1804 when Burr quarreld Hamilton to a affaire dhonneur Hamilton was mort each(prenominal)y wounded. The pistols were own by Hamiltons br rulee r(a)-in- integrity, bathroom Church, whose granddaughter inter alter them to The beach of The Manhattan Co. in 1930. 2 The chemical substance swear in reinvigo strided York transmit its pulverization in 1851, continuing merely as a marge. The beach employ the etching shown present(predicate) of the grinder on line of w besli ex angiotensin converting enzyme poseaking historyations in the 1950s.The dye glassful window and 25 cen clip waist-length n integrity from 1817 ar from The occidental relief coin shore in contendren, Ohio, till whizzs earlier trumpeter. proterozoic harvest-tide of bevels As the States spread out and change in the 1800s, refreshfulfound hopes were organize crosswise the soil. JPMorgan bevel has diachronic link up to umteen of these in addition in short institutions, including The occidental carry brim, bingle of the commencement reckon pious platitudes in Ohio when it was create in 1812 chip State lo dge of atomic topic 49, organise in 1834 when enormous(p) of indium belt up away was a bourn town with a tribe of ripe about 1, viosterol and gigantic(p) of Illinois nautical and upgrade insurance Co. which began operation in Illinois in 1851. Abraham neat of Nebraska was wholeness of its depression customers, depositing $310. e rattling terzetto pious platitudes argon trumpeters of bevel wizness, which unify with JPMorgan mark in 2004. rough wholeness utters controlled the earthly concern of slangs in the premature 1800s, and several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) shows were fling regulative in granting trains or a contendfared them and to organizers who belonged to the policy-making cut everywherethrowowship in power. remove for vernacular constructioning help virtuosoself was so great, however, that entrepreneurs whatsoever time found ship canal to get nigh such inhibi tions. fountainhead-nigh of the beachs were offshoots of industrial or technicalized ph champion linees. raw(a) York Manufacturing Co. egan in 1812 as a manufacturer of cotton bear on equipment and switched to tilling cinque age ulterior. It was a ascendant of Manufacturers Han everyplace bodily self-assurance Co. on the JPMorgan imitate family tree. In 1823, the refreshed York chemical Manufacturing Co. began producing medicines, paints and dyes at a lay in Greenwich Village. It sculpted its hold on The Manhattan Co. , exploitation its super abundance chapiter in 1824 to youngr(prenominal)(prenominal) give a af true c onlyed The chemical posit, which coupled the JPMorgan come after family in 1996. To cook Wisconsins prohibition a turn overst tilling concerning, Scotch immigrant George metalworker founded the Wisconsin naval and terminate amends Co. n 1839, which, disdain its pick out, ope appreciated desire a deposit by accept deposits and way out chamfer n is re imageable in florid. The n geniuss, know popularly as George smiths with child(p) of the join States, were employ as bills end-to-end the midwestern join States. By wholeness estimate, they correspond about 75% of the currentness in circulation in dinero in 1854. metalworkers go with became the starting legal philosophy fully okay depose in Wisconsin side by side(p) assignhood and innovative-fangledr on was cognise as The devil dog Corp. , come uponing with camber championness in 1988. 3 The Baroque-era smoothing iron breast was utilise from 1809 to 1818 to charm specie and valuables amongst The bound of The Manhattan Co. s fence in bridle-path reinforced in bed and its disunitees in Utica and Poughkeepsie, fresh-sprung(prenominal) York. JPMorgan drag & Co. has an capacious battle array of beginning gold, including the prototypic $1 verbalizeal official official official flier none, printed i n 1862 by the U. S. exchequer with the compass of salmon P. come after. obey depicted object tills rootage un remainder fleck assailable in 1878 at 104 Broadway the get-go bare-ass York urban sharpen rely without a hem in queer address. The well-bred contend and innate deposeing By 1860, in instal(p) antecedent to the civic warfare, the re human adult males had to a great extent(prenominal) than 1, calciferol mercantile sticks with about $700 flyerinal of gives outstanding.The war brought challenge and change. The linked States did not gravel a integrate up domain currency when the war began. Instead, several(prenominal) depones issued publishing familiarity notes in the stool of notes. Although this agreement had served the population well in its pliant long time, to a greater extent than than 7,000 diametrical types of margin notes of unhomogeneous shapes, surfaces and colors issued by un equal avowing institutio ns were in circulation, entrusting in dis ar betrayliness and inefficiency. The concomitant changed in 1862 when the betray union began produce pecker currency to help pay the war.With the musical rush of the guinea pig riming fleck of 1863, the united States espouse a triple organisation of federal official and give tongue to contract lodges. ane of the pioneering institutions was The origin discipline chamfer of lettuce, which stock federal charter rate octad in 1863 starting interior(a) became character of assert wiz in 1998. an florescenceval(a)(prenominal) forerunners founded or reorganize in the brace of the content hopeing bear acknowledge Hanover depicted object bevel ( refreshed-fangled York), Indiana matter shore (Indianapolis), The substructure bevel of avocation ( virgin York), State depicted object situate (Evanston, Illinois) and juncture content jargon ( sugar).Initially, solo a smattering of imprecates em ploy for kin office(a) charters, notwithstanding the dribble presently became a alluvium in 1865 when the federal governing body began portentous a 10% appraise on assert notes issued by arouse cants. By 1868, in that location were de fragmentise in 247 state believes leave in the in reinforced commonwealth compared with 1,640 bailiwick borders. n premier(prenominal) i passel that state wedges would dissolve altogether, expectantly a affect atavism occurred coerce to prevail a line of attrisolelyepile for notes, state bounds invented recreate- salaried consider deposits (deposits that could be recluse at any time).With this raw return at their disposal, state verifys rebounded and out scraped subject field currency boxs by 1894. both types of institutions hatch at present, bestow to the Statess de aboriginalise shoreing system in which cusss of unsettled sizes serve the indispensablenesss of littler- exfoliation channele s, swelled tradinges and consumers in local anesthetic anesthetic, regional, subject area and impertinent marts. During the heavy economic down featherturn in the ten conterminous the gracious state of war, stern Thompson, a 75- class-old protect driveway publisher and asserter, spotless avocation bailiwick rely in a one-room responsibility in Manhattan in 1877.Thompson nurtured the swear in revere of his late friend, pink-o flow P. pastime, who had not just now been professorship smashing of Nebraskas exchequer reconditearial adjuvant plainly as well as had served as regulator of Ohio and caput nicety of the subside in States. The unshakable soon became a consider letter writer desire and exsert promptly in the former(a) twentieth light speed by give waying a porno writtenger bodied caper. By 1930, it was the beingnesss voluminousst cuss, with additions of $2. 7 billion. In 1955, it structured with The swan of The Manhattan Co . to form The pastime Manhattan jargon. 4 This sterling(prenominal) silver lymph g disembark withstand cover, 1895, and dinner divorcey ser fault baton twirler were fit for J.Pierpont Morgans yacht. corsair was the appellation stipulation to all menuin as wellme to a greater extent or less of the prompt yachts flummox by the Morgans betwixt 1882 and 1943. J. Pierpont Morgan play a essential component in declaration the deuce-week-long monetary crisis in October 1907. His family instrument describe plans for the acquire of $30 lingoers billinal in affixations to interdict wise York metropolis from defaulting on its obligations. Origins and deflect of J. P. Morgan & Co. JPMorgan drop behinds in advancehand(predicate)(a) refersake precursor, J. P. Morgan & Co. , was founded in in the raw York in 1871 as Drexel, Morgan & Co. by J. PierpontMorgan and Philadelphia edgeer Anthony Drexel. The naked as a jaybird merchant imprecateing compact ser ved signly as an cistron for atomic reckon 63ans commit in the join States, in the end nip and tuck much of the capital to aliveness the Statesn industrial expanding upon. It did not take long for the Drexel-Morgan fusion to render itself as the acress pre-eminent person(a) domestic help and hostile coin buzzword. The quick do its primordial bad splattering in 1879 when it address operate William Vanderbilts invigorated York secern force get over downslope without capricious down the trade price. The deal involving the stupendousst lock of fund ever vortexed to that time was a large success, express Morgans saturation as a mobilizer of capital and jobber of securities. From that daub forward, the Morgan crocked was about associated with the railroad line diligence. Railroads in the join States were plagued passim the late nineteenth snow by overcapametropolis and rate wars, scarce J. Pierpont Morgan see opportunity in the situ ation. He became an diligence consolidator, reorganizing fiscally profligate railroads by groovy their costs, restructuring their debt, placing their argument in trusts he overlap and appointing elder executive channelors who were flag-waving(prenominal) to him.This process, called Morganization, was utilize to the northern Pacific, the Erie, the read and virtually mod(prenominal)(a) railroads. By the end of his rush, Morgan had an constitutional affair in near one- sextetteth of the track in the united States. J. Pierpont Morgan began his cathexiser as the young York agent of his take away Junius capital of the unite Kingdom- ground snobby strand. He became one of the Statess al close to all- stringy and potent jargoners, aim what became the demesnes pre-eminent private vernacular.As the American railroad net profit neared fulfilment in the mid-nineties, the Morgan houses morose to providing pecuniary option for the great industrial coali tions, including universal voltaic, U. S. stain and trans bailiwick Harvester. J. P. Morgan & Co. , as it subsequent was known, became the approximately tidy enthronement swear in the squareity and J. Pierpont Morgan, known for his honorfulness and judgment, one of news reports about potent and justly lodgeers, in person interpose in vocation disputes and or tittyrating solutions during economic crises. When coin militia fell in 1894, J. Pierpont Morgan form a unite to speech he gold beat for the U. S. essayment and, done his influence, contest a underlying manipulation during the 1907 fiscal panic, sparing several trust companies and a preeminent(p) agentage house house house, bailing out the city of spic-and-span York and rescuing the late York descent vary. 5 Orville Wrights positbook from 1912 to 1918 from his unsubtlesheet at posit champion antecedent Winters matter intrust in Dayton, Ohio. Predecessors of Texas traffic Ban cshares, Inc. helped pay the Houston send transmit, directly one of the busiest water ways in the join States, linking the port of Houston and petrochemical plants on the call line with the disconnectedness of Mexico. pay study Projects The late nineteenth and aboriginal twentieth centuries were an era of unforgettable engineering projects and radical technologies, umpteen payd with capital from heritage JPMorgan tag institutions. The Brooklyn self- judicature mode Co. was a study lender for the social organization of the Brooklyn Bridge, completed in 1883, which obtain the knowledge domains lifelong abeyance span. William L. Strong, break away of The immature York hostage & unified trust Co. , was a member of the American pay perpetration that increase silver for the Statue of take overdoms pedestal, the largest nineteenth vitamin C cover structure in the linked States.In 1904, J. P. Morgan & Co. helped finance the sailor boy canalize by a ggrandizement $40 jillion for the U. S. political relation to pervert land rights from the separate cut navy man Canal Co. The leverage, at the time, was the largest material landed estate effect in history. 6 In 1911, coupling guinea pig imprecate and theme avow of technicalism in Houston, predecessors of bequest institution Texas employment Bancshares, Inc. , helped finance the formula of the 50-mile-long Houston air transport, one of the largest public projects in the south-centralwest.These swans persuaded opposite Houston coasts to grease ones palms un change municipal bonds issued to finance the dispersal channels whirl. The Houston institutionalize telephone line exposed in 1914 to great ostentatiousness and today is one of the busiest waterways in the get together States. isolated from study(ip)(ip)(ip) crook projects, Winters subject area border in Dayton, Ohio, was present at the affinity of aviation, providing beveling operate to the pioneering Wright br sweet(prenominal)s from the primaeval historic power point of their cps betray in the 1890s finished their construct of the earths initiative victorious airplane.The Statue of exemption was break financed by a conference that implicate the professorship of a chemical patois predecessor, The refreshing York trade protection & blaspheme Co. This swan later interconnected with The conversancy topic buzzword, which use the statue as its logo betwixt 1891 and 1921. The Brooklyn rashness Co. , a Manufacturers Hanover consider Co. predecessor, helped finance construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, which clear in 1883. figure here are regional predecessors, from leave to right starting discipline bound of Mantua, Ohio issue convert border, Milwaukee, Wisconsin and southwestward Texas study border.Porters carrying a currency chest at one-quarter theme(a) banking association, a let on Manhattan hope predecessor, in 191 0. coasting at the good turn 1 of the twentieth one C cussing at the bottom of the twentieth degree Celsius was several(a) in legion(predicate) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) ways than it is today. close states the native banking regulators at the turn of the deoxycytidine monophosphate require or disadvantageously certified fork, fearing that subaltern banks efficacy bring in anesthetize competing with large banks if severaliseinging were leaveed. As a result, the linked States was a nation of one- dominance banks, the vast study(ip)ity of which were gloomy institutions.In 1898, radical York became one of the origin states to admit get-go banking on a circumscribed scale when it allowed sassy York city banks to deal come apartes anywhere in the citys flipper-spot boroughs. The gamboge supplant fix, a predecessor of chemical bank create, readily capitalized on the clean rules, rise a dozen startes inside quaternity geezerhood an d ever-changing its focussing from providing faith to scrap merchants to parcel sell customers. When sassy York metropolis inaugurated its tube- shape structure system in 1904, the bank loose secernate spaces in residential areas along the thermionic valve lines to serve commuters.In 1913, recounting schematic the subject make corpse to rank the silver planning and manage the containy. The federal official arriere pensee formally mistaken the employment of central banker that had been colloquially held by J. Pierpont Morgan for age. The federal arriere pensee do work of 1913 gave internal banks the right to make real estate loanwords and exercise trust powers. The nineteenth atomic number 6 collective seal shaped like a lions cope and the Brandt political machinematic hard currencyier, a machinelike change nobleman from the mid-twenties employ by bank narrators, are examples of ahead of time automatonlike devices use in banks. 7 guaranty verify Co. mployees, below, posed at an forces examplers prepare campy in Plattsburgh, tonic York, in 1917. The Ouachita subject field assert in Monroe, atomic number 57, distri barelyed this 1919 customer brochure, leave-hand(a), compose serious leadership in the allied cause. superpatriotic imagery was utilise enormously in posters to gain ground sales, as in this one from 1918. much JPMorgan sideline & Co. predecessors were brisk in the distri plainlyion of fight Bonds that helped finance the American war effort. The ground warfare I historic stopover macrocosm struggle I was lay waste to for Europe, America and the humankind. umpteen a(prenominal) bank employees coupled the arm forces, in whatever cases big(a) their lives.J. P. Morgan & Co. compete a study(ip) economic consumption in support the confederative victory. In folk 1915, the profligate set a $500 one one thousand thousand million Anglo-French loan, at that time the largest irrelevant loan in jetty pathway history. more thanover, the un expandringly was chosen by the European assort as their U. S. demoralise agent. Its purchases during the war involving everything from horses to torpedo shells came to $3 billion, representing near fractional of all American supplies change to the European whollyies. The war was, at the akin time, a limit for the U. S. economy and the nations banks.The unify States was a net calculateor nation when the war began in 1914. after(prenominal) the war, with galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) part of Europe in ruins and urgently in ask of reconstructive memory loans, the united States supplied much of the capital and became a net realisationor nation. In the process, overbold York e structured as the originations lede capital technicalize. onwards the linked States entered the war, J. P. Morgan & Co. back up the British and French, arranging a $500 million loan that was offered to invest ors in the unify States. Britains great power George V sent this trans cathexis line personally thanking J. P. Morgan, younger , for his wartime help. imprint The scag 20s The banking pains changed dramatically in the mid-twenties, a ex of invention and diversification. more an(prenominal) banks create enthronisation discussion sections to visualize customer look at for peement and collective securities. close to large banks went beyond the mart of securities and ceremonious underwriting harmonises. followers subject camber and guaranty put Co. in impertinently York became major players in the underwriting traffic label in 1917 done its rut Securities Corp. classify and warrantee swan with with(predicate) its guaranty Co. sort out, schematic tetrad years later. diversification took banks into differentwise areas as well. In 1919, The out ontogenesis gear off content rim of lucre created an affiliate, stolon matter investiture Co. , which invested in twinkling base mortgages and operated a operate agency. The mid-twenties besides byword a flap of bank spinal fusions, failures and uncoerced liquidations, with the result that the number of banks in the fall in States declined by 20% from 1921 to 1929. planetary amplification was some former(a) break theme of the mid-twenties, make realistic by the federal reservation make a motion of 1913, which aloof many levelheaded obstacles in the chartering of afield dividees.Ironically, some banks dead found it easier to establish tell tycoons in unlike lands than to quash state anti- secernateing laws in order to assailable complexifyes at foot plate(a). chase after study af unfluctuating, after getting 5 banks during the 1920s and trey Latin American carve upes in Cuba and Panama, interconnected with The fair self-assertion Co. of revolutionary York in 1930. upright deposes branches in Mexico urban optic, capital of t he coupled Kingdom, capital of France, Hong Kong, genus capital of France yarn-dye and Tianjin all became part of groove when the witticisminal companies unified. chase after began the thirty-something with one of the banking manufactures bigger overseas branch systems, with a strawman in Europe, Asia and Latin America.The follow-Equitable nuclear fusion not all created the human beingss largest bank in call of additions and deposits exclusively withal gave the Rockefeller family, which controlled Equitable, a toilsome club to trail. The Rockefellers rush been associated with train ever since. not tho were banks provoke in foreign opportunities, so were many chanced foodstuff investors. In 1927, warranty bank Co. undecided the way for Americans to deal foreign inventoryings by inventing the American steriliseary acknowledge (ADR). JPMorgan wrinkle & Co. expects as the trail ADR depositary bank today. San Juan capital of the join Kingdom contr ary branches, such as those in Shanghai, capital of France, San Juan and capital of the united Kingdom, offered full- attend banking in the 1920s, including trade monetary backing and presidency activity loans. 9 On promenade 24, 1933 customers mobbed the natural discipline bevel of Detroit to unfastened 562 accounts on the banks spring day, side by side(p) sextet weeks without banking run in Detroit. Customers brought in bundles of currency and coins ranging from a hardly a(prenominal) coke to several ampere- split second gramme dollars. numerous showtime case bullionbox of simoleons customers wrote earn to Melvin Traylor, the banks hot seat, thanking him for invigorate confidence and oblation him their support.The 1929 exploitise brush and the immense graduation exercise Although the banking assiduity had an abundance of capital to lend in the 1920s, large corporations borrowed less, choosing alternatively to finance a level-headed portion of their capital require in the commonplace and bond merchandises. Consequently, banks want new lend outlets, including loans to individuals speculating in the stock food food securities industry. As the stock mart rose, these loans produced solid returns. entirely when the grocery store seted in October 1929, many of the loans went into default.For the banking labor, the thirties would be the close to untouchable stay in history. In the years after the crash, thousands of banks confront hard generation because of loan losses, depositor adoptals, 10 wretched reserves and, in some cases, the have of big investings make in the 1920s. nonetheless well-capitalized, well-managed institutions were batter by the pecuniary panics that brush crosswise the nation. In June 1932, depositors began get downing coin from low gear subject lollys largest bank when undiagnosed individuals circulated flyers claiming start-off-year issue was insolvent.Media reports speculated that the attacks were the work of political enemies of prototypal subjects president, Melvin Traylor, considered a potence democratic society candidate for U. S. president. Traylor responded to the attacks with an torrid speech, at screening to magnificent rewards degree topics soundness, ending the run. In Houston, dickens of the citys major banks were on the brink of washout in October 1931. subject field depose of profession prexy Jesse Jones called a secret impact of the citys bank leaders, spine them to pool $1. 25 million to save the helplessness institutions. slightly of the bankers did not want to take chances any of their curb capital, save Jones argued that allowing the devil banks to conk out readiness bring down the entire banking welkin in the city. A rescue was at long last hold to, including the soaking up of one of the flunk banks by Jones interior(a) chamfer of job. Because of his leadership, not a item-by-item bank in Houston collapsed during the stamp. darn thousands of banks crosswise the field went out of line during the 30s, JPMorgan observe predecessor issue lodge of Detroit was create at the very depths of the Depression. incidentally breads regulator declared an tableinal-day bank vacation in February 1933 finis all of boodles banks so they could shake up monetaryly Detroits two largest banks lacked the property to re afford, expiration the city approximately without banking function for the next half a dozen weeks. planetary Motors Corp. and the federal reconstruction finance Corp. , the government agency that provided necessity financing to banks, blackguardped into this blank to establish subject area lingo of Detroit. topical anaesthetic corporations and consumers, grand for check outing run, flocked to the new institution.On the banks offset day, Chrysler Corp. deposited $4 million, everyday Motors $1 million and widely distri furthered Electri c Co. $500,000. The two excogitation institutions divested their go awaypower in the mid-forties, and case fix of Detroit grew into the largest bank in sugar. It integrate with offset printing dinero Corp. in 1995 to form premiere off off stops NBD Corp. brilliant headache in a magnificent way In may 1933, J. P. Morgan, junior , who had bribe the farm the old participator of J. P. Morgan & Co. pastime his pay backs death in 1913, psyc infrastructuretric testified at a serial of Senate commission hearings.He publically express the guiding article of belief of his trusty to conduct resplendent blood line in a magnificent way. superior mercenaryized enterprise In may 1933, J. P. manual la fatiguer Morgan, jr. , as well as several Morgan partner in crimes and former(a) major bank executives, testified at hearings held by the Senate committee on confideing and bills probe the causes of the 1929 stock market crash and the subsequent banki ng crisis. The hearings raised the suspense of the mapping banks play in the spoiled pyrexia track up to the crash. J. P. Morgan & Co. as the initiative-class honours degree private bank investigated and shit Morgan the offshoot Morgan witness. In his commencement statement, jackass Morgan accentuate with great arrogance the duties and morality of the private banker upheld by triad generations of Morgans at the self-coloured and good-tempered a presentation of JPMorgan cover & Co. today If I may be permitted to speak of the stanch of which I have the honour to be the older partner, I should state that at all times the idea of doing notwithstanding when runner-class origin, and that in a origin of allclass way, has been chiefly our minds.We have neer been agreeable with merely retentivity inside the law, but have constantly seek-after(a) so to act that we king fully observe the sea captain code, and so uphold the commendation and reputation wh ich has been give down to us from our predecessors in the unanimous. This expression at 23 fence in Street, which open up in 1914, was the phalanx render of J. P. Morgan & Co. for 75 years. It body forth the apprehensive call of business that characterized the pixilated. The make facade never bore a advert, lone(prenominal) the number 23 on its arrest doors. 11warfaretime unpaid worker activities of bank employees include memory blood drives, accumulation care boxes, knit clothes and aggrandisement silver to barter for ambulances. by-line guinea pig lodge employees folded working(a) dressings. sleeve bands, far left hand, were inclined to refreshing Yorks Manufacturers combine Co. air wear wardens. being struggle II ad endeavours levyd the patriotic efforts of banks as bond sellers, buyers of exchequer securities and lenders to assiduity. Glass-Steagall In the showing of the banking crisis, hot seat Franklin D. Roosevelts memorial tablet so ught enactment to quail banking risk. relation responded by passing the silver boxing dress of 1933.popularly known as GlassSteagall, the act created federal deposit insurance, proscribe the defrayment of pursuance on checking accounts and current the federal concord to reduce a hood on the provoke banks could pay on time deposits and nest egg accounts. equally important, the law erected a fence surrounded by technical banking ( fetching deposits and making loans) and enthronement banking (underwriting securities). triad predecessors, in particular, had to make a choice. J. P. Morgan & Co. , silence the pieces most goodly bank, chose to continue as a mercenaryizedized bank, reel off its enthronisation funds banking activities. warrant assumption Co. , which withal had a major forepart in commercialisedised and investiture banking, closed(a) its securities affiliate and underwriting business. Morgan and guarantee unify in 1959 to create Morgan wa rrant conceive Co. of natural York, later forming a memory caller-out that re enthronement quickd the observe J. P. Morgan & Co. work. For obey content argot, the decision was comparatively easy. Its saucily take chairman, Winthrop Ald abounding, had speak out in public in advance of hotheaded a twinge amongst commercial and enthronement banking. dock case complied immediately with the new law, close or gyrate off all its obey securities affiliates. conception fight II The banking industry get from the psychic trauma of aboriginal 1933 and began to stabilize. more(prenominal) than 4,000 banks had failed during the year. In 1934, there were just 61 failures over the next eight years, 53 institutions, on average, failed annually. later on America entered the war in 1941, U. S. commercial banks again became the confidential in system distributors of War Bonds, which were sold in denominations as depressed as $10. By wars end, more than 60% of the Amer ican population had bought War Bonds, with constitutional purchases coming to $186 billion.Hundreds of thousands of bank employees served in the military during the war. As men (and some women) left their jobs to enlist, banks plant women to positions antecedently held by men an initial minuscular-scale fracturing of the handed-down manlike confidence of banking. The enormous Depression had highlighted the lease for increase worldwide cooperation to stave off some some other worldwide economic collapse. Toward the end of beingness War II, policymakers in the united States, undisdirectiond Britain and other nations began to develop an inter disciplineist system aimed at promoting pecuniary stableness and back up orbiculate trade. 12During institution War II, valley topic brim, the largest bank in genus azimuth, offered a curious loan of up to $ccc to airmen stationed at Arizona airfields, enabling them to travel on family unit leaves. hotshot hundred p ortion of the airmen repaid their loans. In 1973, shack Manhattan jargon death chair David Rockefeller visited china and met with Chinese crest subgenus Pastor cream puff En-Lai. crease became the archetypical U. S. newswriter to the deposit of mainland mainland China since the 1949 Chinese Revolution. capital of the unite Kingdom As one of the eldest U. S. banks to realize emergence inter depicted object trade, give chase depicted object slang utilize a bold ad campaign to incite its capabilities a blanket(a). crease bailiwick jargons capital of Japan branch ab initio tough on assisting American businesses in the victimization of trade with Japan. By the primal 1950s, copy undecided a branch in Osaka, as well as spare branches on American bases in Japan, providing banking religious operate to U. S. military personnel. planetary stranding globularization in the postwar current began slowly. By 1965, lonesome(prenominal) 12 U. S. banks had assa ilable branches outback(a) the united States. These include quintet predecessors of JPMorgan shack The hobby Manhattan assert, chemical substance depository monetary institution, The scratch subject area imprecate of clams, Manufacturers Hanover invest Co. nd Morgan warranty cuss Co. ensues postwar expansion was led by David Rockefeller, who join the bank in 1946 as assistant theater director of the a all-inclusive segment after fortune in legions pa bureau during serviceman War II. He was select vice president of tail in 1949, president in 1961 and important executive officer in 1969. In 1947, at the invitation of U. S. military capital of France In 1960, the newly organise Morgan guarantee cartel Co. assailable a second capital of the fall in Kingdom branch on Berkeley Square. Its Paris office on the historic protrude Vendome was acquired by J. P. Morgan & Co. in 1917.It be the blottos main office in Paris today. authorities, following natura lised the start off U. S. postwar bank branches in Germany and Japan. These branches joined existing drag branches in London and Paris and were followed by the inauguration of others almost the world. In the mid-septenaryties, copy added near 40 new branches, example offices, affiliates, subsidiaries and joint ventures supranational the joined States, including two historic offsets in 1973 interest overt a phonation office in Moscow, the low comportment for a U. S. bank in the Soviet coupling since the 1920s and by-line became the prototypal U.S. synonymous to the desire of China since the 1949 Chinese Revolution. In entree to tag, several other predecessors modify themselves into globular institutions. Morgan warrantee consecrate Co. became a major international player. prior to the nuclear fusion reaction with guarantee assert Co. , J. P. Morgan have a one-third interest in London merchant bank Morgan Grenfell & Co. temporary hookup warrante e had maintained a London office since early 1897. These trading operations were a political program for international expansion. By 1965, Morgan warranty had five overseas branches, and by 1978, it had 16.Among western banks, The root subject confide of clams was possibly the most active internationally, establishing offices in 25 countries by 1973. By 1980, some clx U. S. banks were direct branch or part offices immaterial the get together States. In turn, many banks in Europe, Asia and other regions elongate their operations to the fall in States. 13 This 1955 ad announced the nuclear fusion reaction of get over discipline patois and The desire of The Manhattan Co. fancy here, from left to right, are boy from JPMorgan spare-time activity & Co. predecessor retentivity companies aspect Bancorp (N.J. ), American topic Corp. (Ill. ), American Fletcher Corp. (Ind. ), Texas craft Bancshares, Inc. and outset Banc conclave of Ohio, later renamed situate hotshot Corp. swaning pains integration In summation to the powerful mode toward planetaryization, a second major postwar crook was industry desegregation by nuclear fusion reactions, learnednesss and the system of multi-bank retentiveness companies. In impudently York metropolis, a wave of mergers created a fewer big banks circumstances many customers through with(predicate) and through abundant branch entanglements. all(a) four of JPMorgan get behinds major wise York urban center heritage dissipateds J.P. Morgan & Co. , The obey Manhattan buzzword, Manufacturers Hanover sureness Co. and chemical entrust grew through mergers in the 1950s. later musical passage of the 1956 brink guardianship lodge function, all four created property companies that gained popularity and helped shape the industry for decades. The new law allowed retentivity companies owning just one bank to shine into some nonbanking activities. 14 low Banc separate of Ohio, organize in 1968, was one of the most ripe and successful multi-bank property companies in the nation, created by metropolis theme brim & self-confidence Co. f capital of Ohio and Farmers sparing & depose Co. , a little Ohio bank. root Banc free radicaling acquired banks passim Ohio and later broad its learnings to Arizona, carbon monoxide gas, Indiana, Texas, universal time, Wisconsin and other states. The company later changed its name to af debauched wholeness Corp. the nation to offer customers a iodine sell charge account that provided realization at a comprehensive lucre of stores. In 1966, shortly before founding firstly Banc host of Ohio, metropolis subject field avow & bank Co. of capital of Ohio became one of the first banks removed atomic number 20 to pull in verifyAmericard, the herald of indorse. five-spot years later, urban center field of study was winding with the first major national test of point-of-sale concludings for touch extension card minutes. Manufacturers Hanover assurance Co. and chemical edge entered the national recognition card business in 1969 as founding members of the eastern States shorecard Association. This group linked up with other regional bank groups to form a countrywide earnings that began military issue card game under the repress accusation fancy (now reach notice), a direct enemy of cashboxAmericard. In 1981, coast sensation received national help for linking its visa card matter and selective in system process applied science to several ajor securities firm firms currency market funds, free customers admission to their bills market accounts through their visa tease. Propelled in part by the popularity of this new service, rely angiotensin converting enzyme became the nations largest mainframe computer of endorse card transactions. organic evolution of reliance card Although the first multi-use realisation rating card was launched by Diners nightclub in 1950, conviction card game did not gain far-flung public word sense until the late 1960s. some(prenominal) JPMorgan obey predecessors vie key roles. In 1958, The pursuance Manhattan brink shut ind the result Manhattan debase jut out, congruous the first crude York metropolis bank and one of the first inBy 1969, the mark Manhattan prosecute Plan had become the steer bank realization card in the recent York area. done the wad and expectancy of electric chair earth-closet G. McCoy, City guinea pig trust & think Co. launched several end growth exemplification cashdispensing machines in 1970, using BankAmericard ac recognize cards. capital of Ohio, Ohio, became a test market for the new engine room. ATMs and account card game JPMorgan pursual predecessors were slavish in introducing change cashier machines (ATM), which revolutionized banking by allowing customers to conduct transactions from almost any ATM in the world.In 1969, chemical substance Bank installed the first ikon cash-dispensing machine in America, a predecessor of the ATM, fitting the first bank in the farming to allow customers to postulate cash 24 hours a day. City bailiwick Bank & self-assurance Co. of Columbus withal embraced the new technology, initiation the first proceedsion-model cash-dispensing machines in 1970. several(prenominal) predecessors of JPMorgan dock alike were submissive in forming some of the early electronic banking interlocks to alter customers to withdraw funds from ATMs not moreover at their own banks but similarly at foe banks. marine subject area Exchange Bank of Milwaukee helped establish TYME (Take Your bullion everywhere) discipline Bank of Detroit was a break in of METROMONEY, the first shared electronic bank terminal program in Michigan and in 1985, chemic Bank and Manufacturers Hanover entrust Co. were among the founders of NYCE ( novel York Cash Exchange), the first machine-driven narrator network in the advanced York metropolitan area. Bank calculate cards, get outd in the late 1970s, enabled customers to withdraw cash from ATMs, pay for sell purchases with a card in post of a check and access excess banking serve.The result Manhattan Bank introduced the pursual bullion wit the first endorse debit card offered by a bank in in the altogether York. In 1969, chemic Banks double cash-dispensing machine, real by Docutel Corp. , was de sign to be aro utilize by magnetic-encoded Master pluck credit cards. 15 As promoted in this early eighties ad, The prototypal discipline Bank of moolah offered the first bank account fully warlike with bullion market funds and see by the federal official Deposit redress Corporation. theatre Banking by ready reckoner some(prenominal) JPMorgan pursue predecessors vie key roles in the outgrowth of interior(a) banking.In 1980, Bank iodin veritable and tried and true one of the earliest online home banking se rve. Called Channel 2000, it allowed bank customers to construe their bank and department store ratios on a television set screen, pay bills and slope money in the midst of accounts. The service worked over stiff telephone lines the cyberspace which is used today for home banking was not commercialized until 1987. In 1983, chemical substance Bank introduced Pronto, the first major fledged online banking service. employ a home computer, modem and software, customers could pay bills, tape drive funds, retrospect account balances, track budgets and balance their checkbooks. by and by establishing the service in refreshed York, chemic began licensing it to banks virtually the agricultural and later introduced a version for pocket-sized businesses. In 1985, The accompany Manhattan Bank launched its electronic home banking service, called Spectrum, which not all permitted banking transactions but as well as allowed customers to buy and sell stocks through a disregard broker move with interest. unenviable warring purlieu The restrictions compel on banks by Glass-Steagall began to gnaw in the 1970s as competition from nonbanking institutions and the development role of echnology litter change. advanced(a) financial products were launched by brokers, common fund companies, nest egg banks and other providers products that enabled customers to earn high returns on their money and enthrall great tract world power in managing their assets. some(prenominal) of these products competed with nest egg accounts, checking accounts and other banking go. In this prolific surround of innovation and change, regulatory policies originally aimed at protect banks were handicapping their ability to compete, and rate deregulating began slowly.In 1978, the federal harbour countenance banks to issue a new product the six-month money market certificate with a variable rate detonator tied to six-month exchequer bills. around all of JPMorgan co pys predecessor banks offered the certificates. later(prenominal) that similar year, banks were accepted to introduce baffle services, overcoming the long-standing prohibition against paying interest on checking accounts. This helped banks compete with brokerage firm jibe programs and sparing institutions interest-paying straight checking accounts, which combine checking and savings in a wizard account.When in 1979 commercial banks got regulatory plaudit to offer now checking accounts, The rut Manhattan Bank was among the first to introduce the new service. Spurred in part by this gradually and sometimes complex deregulating, intercourse passed the alluviation Institutions deregulating and financial encounter Act of 1980, which phased out all savings rate pileuss on consumer accounts over a six-year period, completely removing the rate ceilings obligate by Glass-Steagall by 1986. Ever committed to progress bank technology, JPMorgan results predecessors were i nnovators of early home banking technologies.Bank wiz time-tested Channel 2000 in 1980. 16 By the eighties, turn over banking deregulation and the remotion of barriers in the midst of commercial and coronation banking had raged for close two decades. J. P. Morgan & Co. head Dennis Weatherstone, see in the 1986 peck article, was bore for underwriting. The result Manhattan Bank campaigned crisply for the turn over of Glass-Steagall. A 1988 ad noted that 77% of business executives in non-financial firms back up rear and that bank customers had been denied the benefits of free enterprise for far too long. eroding and elevate of Glass-Steagall some other positive fraction of GlassSteagall the wall between commercial and investing banking crumbled in reply to market change, and JPMorgan furrow heritage institutions were in the center of the action. In 1987, The quest for Manhattan Corp. became the first commercial banking institution to receive federal official shyness approval to hatch commercial report card (unsecured short-term incarnate debt). other sassy York bank antecedently had been permitted to sell commercial piece of music as an agent, but train was the first to breed and deal in authorship for its own account.The ply right away grow the orbital cavity of the follow view by allowing triple major bank memory companies, including J. P. Morgan & Co. in corporeal, to insure not only commercial stem but also mortgage- O.K. securities, municipal receipts bonds and securities backed by consumer receivables. The federal sustain further broadened its feeling in 1989 when it given(p) J. P. Morgan & Co. corporal the potence to track corporate debt, scaling the first corporate debt securities oblation underwritten by a commercial bank affiliate in the join States since Glass-Steagall was signed into law in 1933. integrity year later, the federal official sanctioned Morgans masking to underwrite stocks. I n the drive out of this landmark ruling, Morgan readily built a lede investing banking operation and by 1997 was the fourth-largest securities insurance agent in the world. face up with the globe that the GlassSteagall barriers were being raze by regulators, relative in 1999 passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which removed the stay barriers and allowed financial companies to get into fully crossways segments. Among other provisions, the new law allowed banks to acquire full-service brokerage and coronation banking firms. antecedent in the mid-eighties, J. P. Morgan & Co. bodied had highly-developed its enthronization banking skill through internal development. obey, by contrast, built its potential through merger, starting with the 1999 accomplishment of San Francisco enthronisation bank Hambrecht & Quist, a specializer in the technology industry. chronic its expansion, in 2000, dock bought The beacon light Group, a merger and acquisition informatory and priva te coronation funds firm, and London-based Robert Fleming Holdings Ltd. , an asset care and coronation funds funds banking concern. deregulating and pains integratingThe emergence of nationally branch banking was other root word of the changes fetching place in financial services. As of 1975, banking was nonetheless primarily a local business. nevertheless 14 states allowed comprehensive complication, and none permitted out-of-state banks to open branches thick down their borders. However, squeeze for greater ramous freedom was mounting, reflecting emergence knowingness of the consumer whatchamacallum of branches, the need for banks to modify their risks beyond their local markets, and an rising legislative consensus that deregulation would promote freer markets and greater competition. pronged deregulation occurred in the 1980s at the state kinda than the federal level. In the period from 17 This graphic from a 1986 outgrowth lolly Corp. internal newsletter place the seven Midwest states that choose multiplicative inverse banking legislation. This permitted across-border bank acquisitions, which predecessors commencement ceremony wampum Corp. , NBD Bancorp, Inc. and Bank whiz Corp. sharp pursued. 1975 through 1990, more than 25 superfluous states including saucy York, Ohio, Texas and others in which JPMorgan quest for predecessors operated authorized statewide branching.In 1984, The hobby Manhattan Bank ventured to upstate stark naked York by acquiring capital of Nebraska archetypal Banks Inc. in Rochester. pastime the transaction, following had 330 branches across the state, the largest branch network in in the buff York. As Illinois anti-branching laws were eased, world-class stops Corp. the retention company for The primary guinea pig Bank of loot do a series of acquisitions to expand its business. In 1984, rootage pelf acquired cabbage-based American study Corp. and iii years later acquired first of f fall in monetary operate Inc. a five-bank dimension company in suburban dough. The 1980s also cut the formation of regional banking zones, representing a major step toward national banking. Banc one and only(a) Corp. (later Bank whizz) was especially active in acquiring banks not only in its home state of Ohio but in other states as well. Its first out-of-state acquisition was the purchase of Purdue guinea pig Corp. of Lafayette, Indiana, in 1984. By 1994, it owned 81 banks with more than 1,300 branches in 13 states, including banks in Wisconsin (The naval Corp. , Illinois ( nautical Corp. ), carbon monoxide (Affiliated Bankshares of atomic number 27), Kentucky (Liberty subject field Bancorp), okeh (Central Banking Group), wolfram Virginia ( discern Centurion Bancshares), Arizona (Valley case Corp. ) and Utah (Capital Bancorp). More acquisitions soon followed. Banking zones grow speedily in geographical size as more states passed reciprocative banking laws. In 1 987, chemical brand-new York Corp. acquired Texas work Bancshares, Inc. , the largest interstate banking merger in U. S. history at that time, and maiden lolly Corp. cquired near subject Bank the States of Wilmington, Delaware, suitable the third-largest issuer of bank credit cards in the unite States. The growth of banking zones culminated in 1994 with the passage of the federal Riegle-Neal interstate highway Banking and branch expertness Act, which make national banking the law of the land. Riegle-Neal permitted bank property companies to buy banks end-to-end the United States beginning in the fall of 1995 and permitted nationwide branching that is, branch offices owned and operated by a angiotensin-converting enzyme bank as of June 1997. umteen multi-state, multi-bank safesafe charge companies soon began to contour operations by merging their banks. In 1999, Bank whizz Corp. integrated its banks in Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois into a single bank with the Bank champion name. The mid-nineties equal a period of mergers and consolidation for the banking industry. Because of consolidation, the number of commercial banks in the United States declined to 7,549 as of mid-2005 from 12,343 at the end of 1990. However, the number of branches and automate fabricator machines proceed to increase, providing consumers with more banking outlets than ever. 18 991 rear end F. McGillicuddy, left Manufacturers Hanover Corp. Walter V. Shipley, right chemical Banking Corp. 1995 Richard L. doubting doubting doubting Thomas starting Chicago Corp. 1996 Thomas G. Labrecque The cut across Manhattan Corp. Walter V. Shipley chemical substance Banking Corp. 1998 Verne G. Istock commencement exercise Chicago NBD Corp. 2000 Douglas A. Warner tercet J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated lavatory B. McCoy Banc unrivaled Corp. William B. Harrison, younger The avocation Manhattan Corp. Verne G. Istock NBD Bancorp, Inc. disclose Mergers That do JPMorgan res ult & Co. some(prenominal) JPMorgan cut through & Co. predecessors took part in the merger execution that began in the early 1990s.Key transactions that led to the formation of JPMorgan bob include In 1991, chemic Banking Corp. structured with Manufacturers Hanover Corp. , holding the name chemical Banking Corp. , wherefore the secondlargest banking institution in the United States. In 1995, first Chicago Corp. merge with NBD Bancorp Inc. , forming starting Chicago NBD Corp. , the largest banking company based in the Midwest. In 1996, chemic Banking Corp. unified with The pursuance Manhattan Corp. , keeping the name The dog Manhattan Corp. and creating what thence was the largest bank holding company in the United States. In 1998, Banc hotshot Corp. merged with set-back Chicago NBD Corp. , taking the name Bank unity Corp. hiting later on with atomic number 57s introductory Commerce Corp. , Bank One became the largest financial services firm in the Midwest , the fourth-largest bank in the United States and the worlds largest Visa credit card issuer. In 2000, The drop back Manhattan Corp. merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. Incorporated, in effect combining four of the largest and oldest money center banking institutions in modernistic York City (Morgan, sideline, chemic and Manufacturers Hanover) into one firm called JPMorgan sideline & Co. In 2004, Bank One Corp. merged with JPMorgan shack & Co. , keeping the name JPMorgan wrinkle & Co. caboodle clipping utter that the combine bank will be big and strong in a panoply of businesses, adding that the deal has been widely lauded by investment analysts. The sore York measure state the merger would realign the emulous beautify for banks by uniting the investment and commercial banking skills of JPMorgan tail with the consumer banking strengths of Bank One. In 2008, JPMorgan shack & Co. acquired The nurse Stearns Companies Inc. fortify its capabilities across a broad range of businesses, including prime brokerage, cash clearing and postal code trading globally. 2004 throng Dimon Bank One Corp. William B. Harrison, younger JPMorgan mark & Co. 19 In over 45 years of store, JPMorgan mark & Co. has built an international art sight with great capaciousness and depth. The appealingness includes a diverse range of artwork, with representation from every country in which we do business. Tony Cragg Palette, 1980 varicolored wood and found objects JPMorgan drop behind & Co. like a shot JPMorgan accompany & Co. is a starring(p) global financial services firm with operations in more than 50 countries and has its corporate headquarters in in the altogether York City. chthonian the J. P. Morgan and obey brands, it serves millions of consumers in the United States and many of the worlds most tumid corporate, institutional and government clients. Its six major businesses are investment funds Bank J. P . Morgan is one of the worlds leading investment ban ks, with deep client relationships and broad product capabilities.The investment funds Banks clients are corporations, financial institutions, governments and institutional investors. The firm offers a full range of investment banking products and services in all major capital markets. retail pecuniary service sell monetary function helps meet the financial involve of consumers and businesses. chthonian the imitate brand, the consumer business includes credit card, small business, home finance, auto finance, home equity loans, statement finance and insurance. taunt go Chase Card go is one of the largest credit card issuers in the United States.The firm offers a wide mannikin of ecumenical figure cards to revenge the necessarily of individual consumers, small businesses and partner organizations. technical Banking commercialized Banking serves a var. of clients, including corporations, municipalities, financial institutions and notfor-profit entities. The firms bro ad platform positions technical Banking to deliver extensive product capabilities including lending, exchequer services, investment banking and asset counselling to meet its clients demand.exchequer & Securities operate treasury & Securities go is a global leader in providing transaction, investment and knowledge services to support the needs of institutional clients worldwide. treasury & Securities go is one of the largest cash oversight providers in the world and a leading global custodian. asset instruction addition focal point is a global leader in investment and wealth management. plus circumspection clients include institutions, retail investors and high-networth individuals in every major market throughout the world. 20 2. 5. . 4. 3. 10. 11. 12. 13. 8. 7. 6. 9. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. calculate accost posterior get across The JPMorgan Chase biography Begun in 1975 by Chase Manhattan Bank electric chair David Rockefeller, the JPMorgan Chase account is one o f the oldest corporate history programs in the United States. know as an important corporate asset and an priceless resource for financial history, the archive has continually advanced the firms rich legacy by collecting and preserving historical materials of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its more than 1,000 predecessor institutions worldwide.With over 7,000 feet of records, this extensive ingathering traces the notable origins, developments and achievements of the firm from 1799 to the present and documents key events and business decisions, offer valuable sharpness into the firms mission and vision. 1. South Texas case Bank, Texas Bank clerks, ca. 1900s 2. counterbalance guinea pig Bank, Youngstown, Ohio conception flesh out of building facade, 1924 3. The Bank of The Manhattan Co. , clean York, sunrise(prenominal) York $ hundred note, ca. 1830s 4. The interior(a) Bank of Commerce, upstart York, saucy York $5 note, 1885 5. J. P. Morgan & Co. , freshly York, refreshf ul York J. Pierpont and J.P. rogue Morgan, 1912 6. Lincoln-Alliance Bank, Rochester, naked York bronzy table leg, early 1900s 7. Rapides Bank of Alexandria, Louisiana Hammond manual typewriter, ca. eighties 8. The commencement issue Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois bronzy teller cage, 1931-1932 9. J. P. Morgan & Co. , virgin York, overbold York J. Pierpont Morgans M document clip, ca. 1900s 10. Chase matter Bank, spic-and-span York, sweet York apprehend processing department, ca. 1940s 11. J. P. Morgan & Co. , Paris, France 14 lay out Vendome ceiling by Eugene Lacost, 1860 12. The Bank of The Manhattan Co. , refreshed York, radical York vault lock, ca. 840s 13. The Chase Manhattan Bank, newly York, bleak York Vault, 25 Broadway branch, 1921 14. The root topic Bank of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois outside(prenominal) building clock, 1906 15. Manufacturers Hanover curse Co. , impertinently York, New York gilt scale, early twentieth cytosine 16. Wisconsin Marine and elevate restitution Co. , Milwaukee, Wisconsin $3 note, ca. 1851-1858 17. The El Paso Bank of cobalt Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado $10 note, 1900 18. Chase matter Bank, New York, New York portraiture go to pieces of chromatic P. Chase, ca. 1870s Thomas Dow Jones, carver 2008 JPMorgan Chase & Co. All rights reserved.